The Scientific Revolution

The Philosophical Medieval View Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

Geocentric Theory

Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) Greek philosopher Developed geocentric model. Philosophies had long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

Claudius Ptolemy (85AD – 165AD) Greek astronomer, mathematician & geographer Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. Introduced trigonometry methods.

Before the Scientific Revolution Science was called “natural philosophy” Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magic Ancient Greek sources highly trusted Few experiments were performed

What was the Scientific Revolution? From 1542 to 1700 Development of new ways to study universe Old authorities no longer blindly accepted Application of mathematics to natural world Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries

Causes of the Scientific Revolution The voyages of discovery and colonization Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

Heliocentric Model Earth is not center of the universe Earth is just another planet Earth revolves around the Sun Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory Earth is no different than any other planet On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Uses experiments & observations Planetary movement is a mathematical formula Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles Confirms Copernicus ideas

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central  they are furious w/Galileo! Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Brainpop

Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642) Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)

Why did the Catholic Church care? Galileo was CATHOLIC! The Protestant Reformation Events had disturbed the faith of many Christians Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrine

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universal law of motion  every object in universe attracts every other object Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) First to dissect human bodies (even though a disapproved practice) Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones & muscle.

William Harvey (1578-1657) Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) Showed heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English politician & writer with an interest in science. Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions. Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions Developed Scientific Method

The Scientific Method Observation Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French scientist & mathematician. Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry) Developments provided new tools for scientific research.