CR≠UR: CR may be preparatory response for US

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CR≠UR: CR may be preparatory response for US - CS tone->US shock->UR fast heartbeat, breathing but then: CS tone->CR slower heartbeat, breathing - CS injection->US morphine->UR less pain but then: CS injection->CR more pain sensitivity What gets learned? - Pavlov's view: CS-CR conditioned reflex - modern view: CS-US association, such that CS provides info about US - note: backward conditioning (US before CS!) fails

Fig. 4.17

INSTRUMENTAL or OPERANT CONDITIONING cats in puzzle box (Thorndike, 1898) - trial and error; incremental learning Law of Effect - response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement ("satisfying state of affairs"); automatically weakened when followed by punishment ("annoying state of affairs")

Fig. 4.7

Fig. 4.8

Fig. 4.9

Operant conditioning vs. classical conditioning: - operant cond. - reinforcement depends on response; class. cond. - reinforcement (US) comes regardless - operant response is emitted and voluntary; classical cond. response is elicited and involuntary - What is learned? in operant cond. - a BEHAVIOR in classical cond. - a SIGNAL (CS-->US) - Through what mechanism? operant: Law of Effect: CONSEQUENCES (but delay of reinforcement weakens response!) classical: CONTIGUITY... so far! - "conditioning", because changing the conditions changes response frequency; not under conscious control even though voluntary!