1. PSY 402 Theories of Learning
Chapter 4 – Nuts and Bolts of Conditioning
(Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning)

2. Classical vs. Instrumental
The modern view is that these two types of learning involve similar learning processes, but differ in the following ways.
In Classical conditioning, two stimuli are associated with each other but in Instrumental conditioning, a stimulus and a response are associated.
In Classical conditioning, the response is a reflex or involuntary action but in Instrumental conditioning, the response is a voluntary, freely emitted behavior.

3. Pavlov’s Conditioned Reflex
Conditioning -- a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce one.
Learning occurs through pairing in time and place of one stimulus with another stimulus that produces an involuntary response.

4. Political Classical Conditioning

5. Obama Too

6. Caught up in the Moment?

7. Conditioning Processes
Stimulus generalization – stimuli like the CS become able to evoke the conditioned response.
Extinction – if the UCS and CS are not paired, the CS loses its ability to produce a conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery – an extinguished CS briefly returns but quickly goes away again.

8. What is Learned?
Pavlov believed the association was between the two stimuli (tone and meat powder), not between the tone and salivation.
Stimulus substitution
Either is possible

9. Conditioning Situations
Sign-tracking (autoshaping) – animals must recognize signs of food (UCS) and respond (UCR).
Pigeons pecking at key.
This is a UCR, not an operant response, because pecking behavior is specific to the food stimulus.
Eyeblink conditioning
UCR is rapid, CR is slow.
Many trials are needed (100 pairings)

10. 3.7 Autoshaping in pigeons (Part 1)
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11. 3.7 Results of autoshaping tests in pigeons (Part 2)
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12. 3.5 Design of eyeblink conditioning experiment in rabbits (Part 1)
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13. 3.5 Results of eyeblink conditioning experiment in rabbits (Part 2)
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14. Conditioned Emotional Responses
Fear is an anticipatory pain response based on past experience.
Fear is conditioned (becomes a CR) whenever a CS is associated with an aversive (painful or undesirable) event.
Fear motivates two responses:
Escape (when pain is present)
Avoidance (when pain is about to happen)

15. Fear conditioning Avoidance is not a good measure of fear.
Suppression of an operant behavior occurs with a feared stimulus.
First – an operant behavior is learned (bar press).
Second – a CS is paired with an aversive UCS (light with shock).
Third – the CS is presented in the operant chamber and the effect on operant responding is measured.

16. 3.6 Conditioned suppression in rats (Part 1)
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17. Suppression Ratio During CS Suppression Ratio = During CS + Without CS
The amount of time during and without the CS is equal.
The more fear, the lower the suppression ratio.
Ratios typically fall between 0 and .5
This will be on the midterm

18. 3.6 Conditioned suppression in rats (Part 2)
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19. Flavor Aversion Learning
Garcia – rats will not drink water with saccharin if they get ill after drinking.
Significant avoidance occurs after just one trial.
Human food aversions are related to illness (89% of the time).
Even if illness occurs hours later it is linked to the previous meal.
Not cognitive – you can know the food is not to blame and still feel an aversion to it.

20. Acquired Changes in Response
Habituation – response to a repeated stimulus decreases with non-threat experience.
Sensitization – response to a variety of stimuli increases with a single threat experience.
Examples:
Ingestional neophobia, fear of new food
Rats orient less toward light, startle decreases
Chicks are less frightened by shadows flying overhead with repeated exposure.

21. Factors Affecting Conditioning
Timing – how closely in time are the CS and UCS, and which occurs first.
Novelty of the CS and UCS.
Intensity (strength) of the CS and UCS.
Consistency of the pairing between the CS and UCS.
If one or the other appears alone then conditioning is weakened.

22. Stimulus Presentation Paradigms
Delayed conditioning – the CS onset precedes the UCS onset.
Trace conditioning – the CS starts and ends before the UCS onset.
Simultaneous conditioning – the CS and UCS occur together.
Backward conditioning – the UCS starts and ends before the CS onset.
These paradigms will be on the midterm

23. 3.8 Different ways to present CS and US in time
This works best
The longer the gap (trace interval) the worse this works
This isn’t as good as delayed
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This doesn’t work at all

24. Temporal Conditioning
The UCS occurs at regular intervals in time.
Nominally, no CS is present, but aspects of the context in which the UCS occurs become conditioned to it.
Examples:
Waking up just before the alarm goes off.
Your dog knows when you will come home.
Getting sleepy right around bedtime.

25. Massed vs Spaced Trials
Better learning occurs when trials are spaced out over time (spaced), rather than bunched together (massed).
Memory consolidation or rehearsal may be needed between trials.
The ratio between the exposure to the CS and the time in-between is the important factor.
If both are the same duration, learning is weaker.

26. 3.9 Trial spacing in Pavlovian conditioning
This works best
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This doesn’t work as well

27. Importance of Contiguity
“Wait ‘til your father gets home” is an ineffective threat because punishment comes too late.
The further apart the CS and UCS in time, the less effective the conditioning.
Intermediate stimuli can form a bridge.
Ideal ISI (inter-stimulus intervals) vary with the kind of animal and the kind of UCR.

28. Importance of Predictiveness
Preexposure to the CS (before it is paired with the UCS) reduces learning.
Called latent inhibition because it inhibits learning of the CS-UCS association.
The same thing happens with preexposure to the US (before it is paired with the CS).
Called the US preexposure effect
Threat without punishment instills no fear, even if the child has been punished before.

29. Effect of Presenting UCS Alone
UCS equally likely to occur alone or together with CS
UCS always with CS

30. Redundancy of the CS
A CS (cue) will not evoke fear if the subject is already afraid because of other cues in the environment.
Child already afraid won’t pay attention to a warning about punishment.
Blocking -- the presence of a predictive CS will prevent another cue from acquiring predictability (becoming a CS).

31. Blocking
More salient
No CR