Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles

Organelle Groupings The Endomembrane System Nucleus (and associated parts) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum/ Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Vesicles and Lysosomes Energy Production Organelles Mitochondrion (animal/plant) Chloroplast (plant) Cell Boundaries Cell Membrane (animal/plant) Cell wall (plant) Structure and Movement Vacuoles (more for storage) Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

Endomembrane Overview Plays a key role in synthesis (and hydrolysis) of macromolecules in cell Example: make proteins Various organelles modify macromolecules for various functions

Making Proteins for Outside of the Cell

Making Proteins for Outside of the Cell Nucleolus produces ribosomes Ribosomes travel to Rough ER Nucleus DNA transcribes to RNA mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and travels to ribosomes Ribosomes produce proteins ER transports proteins throughout cell Vesicles from ER transport protein to golgi Golgi apparatus packages proteins Vesicles transport them out of cell

endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes protein finished protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

Putting it together… Making proteins cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane transport vesicle Golgi apparatus smooth ER rough ER nuclear pore nucleus ribosome cell membrane protein secreted cytoplasm

Building Proteins The Protein Assembly Line Golgi apparatus nucleus Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles The Protein Assembly Line Golgi apparatus nucleus ribosome ER vesicles

Two cells components involved in genetic control of the cell Eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes Two cells components involved in genetic control of the cell Nucleus: Houses most of the cell’s DNA Ribosomes: Use information from the DNA to make proteins

Nucleus Function: control center of cell Contains DNA Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed

Nucleolus Function ribosome production build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes small subunit large subunit ribosome rRNA & proteins nucleolus

Nucleus Contains DNA Function: control center of cell Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed

production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus nuclear membrane 1 production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus small ribosomal subunit large cytoplasm mRNA nuclear pore 2 mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore

Ribosomes Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein Large subunit + small subunit Types: Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell or for membranes membrane proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Network of membranes and sacs Rough ER: ribosomes on surface Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi Which cells have lot of rough ER? Which cells have a lot of ER? protein production cells like pancreas = production of digestive enzymes (rough endoplasmic reticulum from a cell of exocrine pancreas (88000X)) Proteins enter ER lumen where they are checked for correct folding and modified Ex. carb chain added to glycoproteins in the rough ER

Vesicle transport Move molecules between different locations within the cell vesicle budding from rough ER fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus migrating transport protein ribosome

Golgi Apparatus Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) Cis face: receives vesicles Trans face: ships vesicles

Putting it together… Making proteins cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane transport vesicle Golgi apparatus smooth ER rough ER nuclear pore nucleus ribosome cell membrane protein secreted cytoplasm

Making Energy Groups of 3 ONLY

Cells need power Making energy take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) remove waste make ATP

Making Energy in Animal Cell

Making Energy in Animal Cell A large food particle enters the cell membrane. Vacuole will store and transport the food to the lysosome Lysosome will digest the large particle into smaller sub-units Mitochondria will use these subunits to create energy. Mitochondria will give the energy to all the organelles so they can perform their function  

Making Energy for the Cell lysosomes vacuole small food particle digesting food

Vacuoles and Vesicles Examples Central vacuoles Function Transport vesicles Central vacuoles Function Storage of nutrients Stabilize water pressure in cell storing defensive compounds against herbivores Example: onions!!!

Vacuoles= water and food storage food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells contractile vacuole Contractile vacuoles- in protists, pump out excess water.

Lysosomes Structure Membrane-bounded sac of enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules Lipase= digests lipids Amylase= starch and sugars Protease= proteins Little “stomach/cleaning crew” for cell Only in animal cells

Cellular Digestion: Food Vacuoles work with Lysosomes Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles Polymers are digested into monomers lyso– = breaking things apart –some = body

Lysosome: The Recycler Lysosomes digesting food Lysosomes breaking down damaged organelles

What if a lysosome digestive enzyme doesn’t function? When Things Go Wrong… What if a lysosome digestive enzyme doesn’t function? picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one lysosomes fill up with undigested material Lysosomes grow larger and larger Lysosomal storage diseases are usually fatal Tay-Sachs disease Lipids build up in brain cells Child dies before 5 yrs old.

But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper development in an organism apoptosis “auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open & kill cell ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even cells around it to wall off virus. Apoptosis Animation

ATP Function Structure Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2  ATP fuels the work of life Structure double membrane ATP Main Function: use energy from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development and movement in both animal & plant cells

Mitochondria Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?