Plant Cells Tissues, and Organs Chapter 2

What is a plant? A plant is a multicellular eukaryote that - has cellulose in the cell walls, stores food in the form of starch, has a cuticle- a waxy, waterproof coating on the stems and leaves. Cuticles help to prevent water loss

Plant Tissues Dermal- surrounds plant Vascular- transports food and water - Xylem- moves WATER UP - Phloem- flows FOOD (SUGAR) DOWN Ground- photosynthesis, storage, support Meristematic- area where growth occurs

Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58-59) Click the “Start” button to review plant tissue and cell types. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells

Parts of a Leaf (Pages 60-62) Click the “Start” button to review the parts of a leaf. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Leaves Function: usually the site of photosynthesis Increased surface area to allow maximum absorption of sunlight Contains guard cells & stomata sites of gas exchange

Transpiration (Page 61) Transpiration – the evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomata Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Chloroplasts (Page 63) Chloroplasts – the organelles within plant cells that use the Sun’s energy to chemically convert carbon into glucose (photosynthesis) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Photosynthesis Review Click the “Start” button to review the process of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Stems Function: provides support for growth transports water, food and minerals to and from roots and leaves Contains all tissue types

Stems A plant’s stem has two main functions: 1. physical support (Page 64) A plant’s stem has two main functions: 1. physical support 2. transportation of sap Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Roots Function: Most grow underground take in water and nutrients from the soil Anchor the plant in the soil Sometimes act as storage (radishes, carrots, etc) Most grow underground Contains vascular tissue (xylem & phloem), ground tissue (cortex), dermal tissue and meristematic tissue (root tips)

Root Cross-Section

Roots A plant’s root has three main functions: (Page 65) A plant’s root has three main functions: 1. to anchor the plant in the ground 2. to take up water and minerals from the soil 3. to store energy and nutrient supplies for later use Types of Roots Tap Root Fibrous Root Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Click the “Start” button to review stem and root tissues. Stems and Roots (Pages 64-65) Click the “Start” button to review stem and root tissues. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Flowers (Page 68) The main function of a plant’s flowers is reproductive. Flowers: produce sperm and eggs for sexual reproduction attract insects and other animals for pollination produce seeds and sometimes fruit after pollination Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Reproduction Mosses and ferns use spores All other plants produce seeds- contain the embryo, food source, and a protective coat Flowers are the reproductive structure in highly evolved plants Most flowers contain both male and female reproductive parts (complete flower)

Plants Under Attack: “Diseases of Plants” (Page 66-67) Magnified Rust Spores Galls Brown Rust Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Concepts to be reviewed: Section 2.1 Review (Page 69) Concepts to be reviewed: how meristematic cells produce specialized plant cells the characteristics of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues the four types of plant organs: root, stem, leaf, and flowers the process of photosynthesis Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Performing Specific Functions Plant Organ Systems Performing Specific Functions

Xylem and Phloem Section 2.2 Plant Organ Systems (Page 70) System – a group of tissues and organs that perform specific functions Xylem and Phloem Shoot System –supports the plant, performs photosynthesis, and transports sap Root System – takes in water & nutrients from the soil and transports them to the shoot system Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Moving Water Through the Systems (Pages 72-74) “The push from below” – Water enters the root by osmosis and moves toward the centre of the root into the xylem vessels. The pericycle prevents the water from moving backward. Root pressure builds up in the xylem and pushes water “up.” Tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the root. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Moving Water Through the Systems (Pages 72-74) “The pull from above” – While the roots push the water column from below, the leaves pull from above. Transpiration aids in this process. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1BJJDcXhk (transpiration video)

The Movement of Maple Sap (Page 75) In the spring, sucrose from the roots flows “upward” to help produce leaf buds. In the summer and fall, the leaves produce glucose that moves “downward” to be stored in the roots. Glucose Glucose Sucrose Sucrose Starch Starch Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Concepts to be reviewed: Section 2.2 Review (Page 76) Concepts to be reviewed: the function and characteristics of the root and shoot systems the function and properties of xylem and phloem tissue the tissues and processes involved in moving water and nutrients the movement and storage of the products of photosynthesis Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.