1. Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Section 2.1
Homework
Pg. 62 #1-4

2. Chapter 2 Plants: From Cells to Systems
In this chapter you will investigate:
how plant cells specialize to form different tissues
the link between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in plants
the function of plant tissues and organs
how organs work together to meet the needs of a plant
diseases that threaten plant tissues and organs

3. Organization in a multi-cellular organism
Hierarchical levels of organization:
Organism
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Most complex
Least complex

4. Specialized plant cells

5. simplest level of organization
Heart muscle cell
Circulatory system
Heart muscle tissue
Heart
Zebra
Maple tree
Epidermal cell
Dermal tissue
Leaf
Shoot system
simplest level of organization
a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
a structure composed of two or more tissues working together to perform a complex body function
consists of one or more organs and other structures that work together to perform a vital body function
made up of many different organ systems working together

6. Plant stem cells are called meristematic cells.
Meristematic cells have the potential to constantly divide and differentiate.
photosynthesis
gas exchange
material transport
support

7. Meristematic cells allow plants to constantly replace old organs.
All growth in the plant is due to the division of meristem.
Most occurs at the terminal bud.
Buds
Regions containing meristematic cells

8. Apical meristems Lateral meristems
Found in buds at tips of roots and shoots.
Responsible for increase in height.
Lateral meristems
Responsible for increase in width.

9. Growth is controlled by chemicals called auxins.
Produced by actively dividing cells.
Signal neighbouring cells not to divide.

10. moves substances through plant
Plant tissue types
Meristematic tissue
Differentiates into...
Dermal tissue
covers outer surface
Vascular tissue
moves substances through plant
Ground tissue
supportive tissue

11. Every plant organ contains tissue from all three systems.

12. Dermal tissue Plant’s outermost layer Two types: Epidermal tissue
thin layer of cells; covers non-woody surfaces of plant
Periderm tissue
covering that forms the woody surface on stems/large roots

13. Adaptations of dermal tissue
Function
Root hairs
Maximize water uptake
Leaf hairs
Contain chemical irritants
Waxy cuticle
Makes surface waterproof

14. Vascular tissue system of tubes
distributes absorbed water, minerals and nutrients

15. Xylem Phloem Dead, hollow tissue
Transports water and minerals upwards from roots
Phloem
Living tissue
Transports sugars produced by leaves, to the rest of the plant

16. Non-woody plant Woody plant
Vascular tissue arranged in bundles
Woody plant
Vascular tissue forms a ring along trunk diameter

17. Ground tissue “Filler” tissue between dermal and vascular
Variety of functions:
photosynthesis, in the green parts of plants
storage of carbohydrates in the roots
storage and support in the stems

18. Plants have two organ systems
SHOOT SYSTEM
Stem, leaves,
flowers, fruit (if present)
ROOT SYSTEM
One or more separate roots

19. The Root System Functions: Structure: anchor the plant
absorb water and minerals from soil
store food
Structure:
no leaves
usually grows below ground
composed of dermal tissue
root hairs maximize surface area

20. Spaces between cortex cells allow water to move from soil to the endodermis.
Endodermis controls transport of water and minerals between cortex and xylem.

21. Types of roots:
Taproots vs. Fibrous roots

22. The Shoot System Structure: Functions:
carry out photosynthesis (leaves)
structural support
transport substances throughout plant
produce flowers for sexual reproduction
Structure:
usually above ground
components:
leaves
stem
flowers/fruit

23. Leaves Main site of photosynthesis:
chloroplasts contain chlorophyll; absorb sunlight’s energy
glucose is used for cellular respiration, plant growth, and energy storage
CO2+ H2O + light energy ___________+ O2

24. Layers of the Leaf

25. Transparent outer layer, made of dermal tissue.
Epidermis
Transparent outer layer, made of dermal tissue.
The upper epidermis secretes waxy cuticle.

26. The lower epidermis contains stomata (holes) for exchange of gases ((H2O, O2, CO2).
opening/closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells

27. Middle layers, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll
Middle layers, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis
Palisade cells – Perform most of the photosynthesis in the leaf
contain many chloroplasts
tightly-packed together

28. Spongy parenchyma cells – Loosely-packed
to allow the movement of gases within the leaf

30. Vascular bundles
Composed of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
arranged in bundles
visible on the leaf as veins

31. Chloroplasts membrane- bound organelle
contains more membrane- bound sacs (thylakoids)
thylakoids are arranged in stacks (grana)

32. CO2+ H2O + light energy  glucose + O2
Leaves have structures that help the plant obtain and keep the reactants for photosynthesis:
CO2+ H2O + light energy  glucose + O2
Spongy parenchyma is loosely-packed to allow gases to circulate to all photosynthesizing cells.
Cuticle is transparent to let light through.
Palisade cells are tightly-packed to maximize the area exposed to the Sun.
Guard cells close the stomata on hot days to prevent evaporation of water.

33. The Stem
Functions:
Support for shoot system
Transport of nutrients and water to leaves
Specialized stems: Food storage, protection, photosynthesis, reproduction
Uses: sugar cane, medicines, cork, wood and paper

34. Flowers Contain reproductive structures (male/female/both) Male Female
Organ
Stamen
Carpel/Pistil
Gamete
Pollen grains
Eggs

35. Fertilization occurs by pollination, and produces seeds.
contained in the fruit
Pollination can be assisted by wind, animals, or insects.

36. Flowers: Adaptations
To attract pollinators, plants will have attractive flowers or nectar.