The Ottoman Empire Caitlyn Holifield

Background and Expansion Founded around 1300 Osman was the leader Started as a small state in northwestern Anatolia Grew because of shrewdness of the founder, control between Europe and Asia on the Dardanelles strait, and the creation of a Turkish army The main focus of this army was on Christian enemies and the Balkans Conquered a Serbian kingdom at the Battle of Kosovo Sultans were in control

Background and Expansion cont. Attacked Bursa and made it their capital Murad I sets up Janissaries system 1402 a Mongolian army crushes Turkey and the Ottoman Empire is spilt up Mehmed II lays siege on the Byzantine capital of Constantinople

Orhan Gazi established standing cavalry formations Orhan Gazi continued to extend the boundaries of the new country added Izmit . Angora was regained from the Ahi Tribe Cheembi Castle, Gallipoli, Bolayir, Malkara, Chorlou and Tekirdagh were added to Ottoman territories. Coins were used for the first time in the Ottoman empire

Central Institutions Janissaries – Christian prisoners of war induced to serve as military slaves Gave the Ottomans a flexible military They fought on foot and learned to use guns Turkish cavalry diminished Tax restrictions began to bankrupt landholders Tax farming Janissaries had increased power and they continued a powerful faction rural administration suffered from tax farms

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 Over the greatest Ottoman assault 1521 - Conquered Belgrade Expelled the Knights of St. John’s Hospital Joined with Francis I against Emperor Charles V Conquered many parts of western Asia wanting to convert people to Islam

Battles 1606 - fight with the Persians The Ottomans fail to conquer Venice Austrian troops push into their territory and they are defeated at Zenta Lose land In 1821 Greece revolts the Greeks eventually get help from France, Britain, and Russia

Battle of Kosovo Turkish forces were better equipped than the Serbians Fought on the "Field of Blackbirds" The Serbian leader Lazar and Murad I faced off and both died Bayezid (Murad's son) then took control of the Ottoman army and they did not take all of Serbia until about 1450

Second Siege of Vienna military power decreased Janissaries would hire substitutes to go on campaign sultans relied on armies raised by the governors of frontier provinces 1683 - second siege failed and the Russians and Austrians new the Ottomans were weakening the Ottomans met their demise in 1722 from their long time foe the Safavid Empire

Trade Agreements Not much money in Ottoman empire Overland trade dwindled away A disorder in Safavid Iran cut into silk production Coffee was grown in Yemen and exported to Egypt 1770 Muslim merchants were charged 15% in fees Capitulations - favors granted from powerful sultans led to European domination

Patrona Halil Rebellion The Tulip Period Patrona Halil Rebellion some Ottoman statesmen advised the sultans to reestablish the land-grant Istanbul elite experimented with European clothing, furniture, and printed books 1718-1730 named the "Tulip Period" because European fashions were in favor 1730 - a Janissary revolt Ahmed III was the leader of the revolt he dictated around government policies before he was caught and executed This confirmed the Ottomans were having difficulties Then the economy began reorienting itself around Europe

Works Cited http://www.nndb.com/people/916/000092640/ http://serbianna.com/analysis/archives/110