2. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

3. Beginnings Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13 th - 14 th centuries Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers 1071 Seljuq Turks defeated the Byzantines. In 1277 they defeated the Mongols – individuals able to carve out principalities in Anatolia in the midst of this upheaval Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers Osman succeeded in expanding his small territory into new areas in 13 th -14 th centuries

4. Military Organization In the Balkans, Ottomans forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military and state service: devshirme -Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries (infantry) and sate administrators Sipahis: Cavalry maintained with income from their fiefs (timar lands). But peasants on their land not serfs

5. Janissaries

6. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

7. Ottoman Expansion Mehmed I and Murad II presided over the period of final consolidation of Ottoman power in Europe Must concurrently deal with unrest in Anatolia in addition to Balkan campaigns and threats from Hungary 1439: occupy Serbia but are still unable to capture Belgrade, still a Hungarian border fortress 1444: Victory at Varna important for the fate of the rest of the Balkans and Constantinople

8. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481 (“The Conqueror”)

9. Fall of Constantinople 1453: Constantinople falls to Ottomans under Mehmed II “The Conqueror” Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)

10. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

11. Suleiman the Magnificent: ( 1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature

12. Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.) 1526: Battle of Mohacs in Hungary, won by the Ottomans under Suleyman the Magnificent. Height of Ottoman power. Suleyman also known as “Kanuni” i.e. Lawgiver: reconciles Islamic Law with requirements of Ottoman administration Besieges Vienna. Builds naval power Expands into Asia Encourages learning

13. The Ottoman Empire During the 16 c

14. The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors MuslimsJews Christians