Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East Chapter 12 Section 2

Africa Which imperialistic countries colonized Africa? Discuss with your neighbor

Africans Resist Colonial Rule Cons Pros Colonization led to exploitation of lands Forced labor High taxes African soldiers for colonial leaders hoping for returns WWI Western-educated Africans demanded change Wilson’s call for self- determination inspired Africans

South Africa 1910-1940: Whites strengthened rule with extreme racism Ensured white supremacy In one S.A. providence where educated/landowning blacks were able to vote, lost the vote in 1936 1948: Apartheid, or policy of rigid segregation became law Nationalism helped Africans, but could not resist government

Nationalism and an Africa for Africans 1920s: Pan-Africanism, or an emphasis in the unity of Africans worldwide Marcus Garvey (Jamaica ) “Africa for Africans” W.E.B. DuBois  First Pan- African Congress 1919 Negritude movement Writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule

The End of the Ottoman Empire Asia Minor, or the Turkish Peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea Ottomans gave up some land to Greece Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew Ottoman Sultan and defeated Greeks TURKEY A REPUBLIC

The End of the Ottoman Empire

Arab Nationalism in the Middle East OIL began to be exploited at this time for the Industrial Revolution Pan-Arabism, nationalist movement of Arabs in the Middle East Arabs outraged at the Paris Peace Conference Arabs helped Allies during WWI and were told they’d receive their lands back Lands were divided by the West Turmoil happened when Britain gave portion of Palestine to Jordan Zionists and Arabs increasingly clashed

Promises in Palestine Since Roman times, Jews wanted to return to Judea, or Israel 1897: Theodor Herzl  Zionist Movement Jews to create a state in Palestine WWI Mistake  Two conflicting promises Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands including Palestine 1917: Balfour Declaration  advocated set up of Jewish nation in Palestine “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine”