Mutations Changes in the genetic material Gene Mutations Chromosomal Mutations

Gene Mutations Frameshift Mutation Point Mutations “Reading frame” of the genetic message is shifted because of the adding or deletion of a nucleotide Can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions They occur at a single point in the DNA sequence Substitution Insertion Deletion

Substitution Involve changes in one or a few nucleotides

Insertion The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

Deletion Deletion Syndrome Part or all of the chromosome is lost Common signs and symptoms include heart abnormalities that are often present from birth, an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), and distinctive facial features. Part or all of the chromosome is lost

Chromosomal Mutations Involves changes in whole chromosome Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Deletion Involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome

Duplication Produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome

Inversion Reverses the direction of parts of chromosomes

Translocation Robertsonian Translocation Down Syndrome Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Significance of Mutations Many, if not most, mutations are neutral. They have little or no effect on the expression of genes or the function of proteins for which they code. Harmful mutations are the cause of many genetic disorders. Mutations are also the source of genetic variability in a species. This variation may be highly beneficial.