Nucleic Acids Made of Nucleotides Nucleotide - 1 Sugar; 1 Phosphate; 1 Nitrogen Base 2 types DNA RNA

DNA Structure Ladder shape with 2 chains of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate... connected by pairs of Nitrogen Bases

Nucleic Acids - DNA Structure

Nucleic Acids - DNA Structure Nitrogen bases connected by “hydrogen bonds” [weak] Ladder is twisted into double spiral - Double Helix Sugar is Deoxyribose 2 Types of Nitrogen bases Adenine & Guanine Thymine & Cytosine Adenine always bonds with Thymine Guanine always bonds with Cytosine

Nucleic Acids RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Helps transport Genetic information Helps in the making of Protein [Protein Synthesis] Structure - One half of a DNA Ladder shape

Nucleic Acids - RNA - Structure Sugar is Ribose 1 Nitrogen base substitution RNA has no THYMINE Rna has URACIL instead

REPLICATION (DNA makes a copy of itself) 1- Enzymes break hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases 2- DNA ‘unzips’ 3- Free DNA nucleotides bond to exposed nitrogen bases on both sides [ A bonds to T ; C bonds to G ] 4- Enzymes link nucleotides together RESULT- 2 identical strands of DNA

Protein Synthesis A process in 2 parts Transcription Translation

Protein Synthesis - Transcription #1 Transcription (DNA makes a messenger RNA blue print) -Enzymes unzip DNA like in replication -RNA nucleotides bond to one side of unzipped DNA -RNA nucleotides have ribose instead of deoxyribose and have uracil instead of thymine -RNA nucleotides bond together sugar-phosphate to become mRNA -New mRNA breaks off from DNA and goes to ribosome -DNA zips back up

Protein Synthesis - Translation #2 Translation (mRNA information is used to make protein) -mRNA goes to ribosome -Ribosome (made of rRNA) “reads” the first 3 nitrogen bases (Called a codon) and “calls for” a tRNA with the matching anticodon

Protein Synthesis - Translation #2 Translation (mRNA information is used to make protein) -mRNA goes to ribosome -Ribosome (made of rRNA) “reads” the first 3 nitrogen bases (called a codon) and “calls for” a tRNA with the matching anticodon Amino Acid tRNA (transfer RNA) Anticodon

Protein Synthesis - Translation -tRNA bonds to mRNA -Ribosome reads the next codon (3 bases) and “calls for” the next tRNA Next tRNA bonds to mRNA -Enzymes link the amino acids together -The first tRNA leaves its amino acid and goes to get more The ribosome moves on and so on, and so on until the protein is complete

The Genetic Code The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

The Genetic Code The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

MUTATION -Change in genetic information that can be inherited 2 main types -Chromosomal Mutations -Gene Mutations

MUTATION Chromosomal Mutations major types -Nondisjunction -Translocation [Crossing Over] - 2 chromosomes tangle with each other and switch parts

MUTATION Gene Mutations Mutations that affect only one gene 2 types -Point Mutation (Substitution) - One nucleotide is substituted for another -Frameshift Mutation- One nucleotide is added (addition) or deleted (deletion)

MUTATION Which of these two types of gene mutations can create the most change? Justify your answer.

Replication

Protein Synthesis