Essential Questions Make a chart and write down what you Know, what you Want to know about Period 6: 1865-1898. K W L

PERIOD 6: 1865-1898 “The Gilded Age”

Overview This period covers the end of the Civil War up to the beginning of the Spanish-American War. America transforms form an agrarian society to an industrialized and urbanized society. Three themes to guide us through the period are: 1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post- Civil War era. 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era.

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. What is Industrial Capitalism? Industrial capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit. This is the dominate economic system in the United States and the developed world.

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. What is Industrial Capitalism? Six features of large-scale manufacturing (post Civil War) 1. Raw materials 2. Abundant labor supply 3. Population boom & transportation boom 4. Capital was a plenty! 5. Friendly business policies from federal government 6. Talented entrepreneurs

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know… Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroad tycoon Merged local railroads Unified the parts, engines, and rail car

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know… John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Trust agreements- opposed to buying up small companies, formed mergers with competitors By 1880, controlled 90% of America’s oil

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know… Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel Co. Combined new technology (Bessemer steel process) w/ cost analysis approach (precise accounting) Developed vertical integration- process of buying out suppliers

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. Essential Industrial Capitalist that I need to know… J.P. Morgan Wealthy banker Created “Trusts” to consolidate industries Bought out bankrupt railroads in 1893 Bought out U.S. Steel Corporation in 1900

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. How do you justify Industrial Capitalism? Laissez-faire economics Essential to Industrial Capitalism Free market economics, no government regulation

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. How do you justify Industrial Capitalism? Social Darwinism “Survival of the fittest” principals applied to business “A drunkard in the gutter is just were he ought to be… the law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest.”

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. How do you justify Industrial Capitalism? Gospel of Wealth Protestant work effort makes you rich, and the rich had a “God- given” obligation to donate Rockefeller- donated over $500 million in his lifetime Rockefeller Foundation, University of Chicago, created a medical institute that cured yellow fever Carnegie- donated over $300 million in his lifetime (90% of his wealth) Carnegie Hall, libraries, universities

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. So what are the impacts of Industrial Capitalism? Social divisions occur Wealthy vs. Poor 1865-1915- 25 million immigrants flood America (51% labor force) Economy that promotes low wages and “unprotected workers” Immigrants and poor migrants Women and children

1. Industrial Capitalism brought significant changes to the post-Civil War era. So what are the impacts of Industrial Capitalism? Organized Labor begins to form Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers- Pres. of AFL (1886) Haymarket Riot (1892) Homestead Strike (1894) Pullman Strike Eugene V. Debs- formed the American Railway Union

Key Concept 6.1 Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.

2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population.

1. Displaced farm workers 2. Overcrowding & joblessness in cities 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. Push Factors- Why get out of Europe? Pull Factors- Why come to America?... (Why wouldn’t you?) 1. Displaced farm workers 2. Overcrowding & joblessness in cities 3. Religious persecution Jews in Eastern Europe 1. American exceptionalism! Political & religious freedoms 2. Economic opportunities out west 3. Abundance of industrial jobs in cities

Cheap rent, wage earning jobs, family support 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. What was so appealing to immigrants and urban centers? Cultural centers Cheap rent, wage earning jobs, family support By 1890, immigrants became 15% of U.S. population

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. That’s a lot of immigrants! How does America restrict the flow? Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Ban on all new immigrants from China Literacy Tests Rigorous medical exams Entry fees (taxes)

Urban Reform Movements 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. Urban Reform Movements Settlement Houses- Jane Addams’ “Hull House” Taught English, grade school education classes, industrial skills, theatre and arts Social Gospel- Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform.

(1849) California Gold Rush!! Homestead Act of 1862 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. The push west continues… (1849) California Gold Rush!! Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres of land… FREE! Have to settle for 5 years (1869) Transcontinental Railroad is complete!

American Indian’s in the West: Indian Wars 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. The push west continues… American Indian’s in the West: Indian Wars Custer’s Last Stand Wounded Knee Solution to Native Americans: Kill the Buffalo

American Indian’s in the West: Indian Policy 2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. The push west continues… American Indian’s in the West: Indian Policy Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Break up tribal organization Forced onto reservations Guaranteed citizenship if they “adopted the habits of civilized life (Americanization)”

2. Internal migration and immigration leads to rapid development of urban centers, and a rapid decline of the Native American population. The “New South” Self-sufficient economy built around industrial capitalism Tenant farming (sharecropping) maintained poverty Segregation continues: Grandfather clauses Literacy tests Plessy v. Ferguson- “Separate but equal”

Key Concept 6.2 The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics.

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Two political parties dominated the Gilded Age Republicans Northern Protestants Prairie Farmers African-Americans Union Veterans Supported High tariffs Railroad construction Spoils system Gold Standard Democrats Solid South Immigrants Catholics Urban dwellers Supported States’ rights Low tariffs Spoils system Gold standard

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Gilded Age politics were very corrupt, and very forgettable Credit Mobilier- Railroad scandal giving “kickbacks” to politicians James Garfield assassinated (we seem to forget) Pendleton Civil Service Act- eliminate spoils system, jobs based on merit

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Gilded Age politics were very corrupt, and very forgettable Political Machines Tammany Hall & Boss Tweed Political mafia that runs city politics

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction Agrarian Protest and the Rise of the People’s Party The Grange - an organization of farmers Farmers' alliance movement- advocated farmers' cooperatives, eventually turned to politics Populist Party

3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction Goals of the Populist and Farmer’s Alliance movement nationalization of the railroads an increased money supply direct election of U.S. senators a graduated income tax

William Jennings Bryan 3. Political stagnation and corruption give rise to a new voice in American politics. Gilded Age politics take a turn in a different direction William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech The Election of 1896 William McKinley vs. W.J. Bryan (he loses… of course)

Key Concept 6.3 The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

Recap: Essential Questions Now fill in what you Learned about Period 6: 1865- 1898. K W L