Decolonization

Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?

Decolonization European Imperialism First wave: 15th to 17th centuries Second wave (ca. 1750-1900) New players Facilitated by Industrial Revolution Focus: Asia, Africa European expansion in the Americas

Decolonization

Decolonization

Indian Independence India before the Raj Long history Considerable diversity Caste system Mughal Empire

Indian Independence The British Raj Presence began with British East India Company Great Mutiny of 1857  direct British rule Promoted industrialization  economic profit Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar (1911)

Indian Independence Indian Nationalism Foreign presence  Indian self-awareness Indian National Congress (INC) Established 1885 by Indian professionals, intellectuals Agitated for greater share in government, later for independence Growing discontent after WWI  alliance between Hindus, Muslim League British repressed Indian “troublemakers”

Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Hindu lawyer Leader of nationalist forces United all Indians in Congress movement Strategy: collective, nonviolent resistance His followers: “peace soldiers”

Indian Independence

Indian Independence

Indian Independence Independence Granted 1947 Hindu-Muslim relations deteriorated  India, Pakistan Civil war! Gandhi assassinated (1948) Hostilities remain today

Indian Independence Questions?

African Independence European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914) Search for raw materials, cheap labor International rivalry, nationalism “The white man’s burden” “The Rubber Coils” (1906)

African Independence Decolonization (1950s to 1970s) Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism “Africa for Africans” Paths to independence Orderly, little violence Delayed and violent, due to settler populations

South Africa South Africa European settlers  AFRIKANERS British domination  independence (1910) Industry, mines Population Black Africans Afrikaners British

South Africa Apartheid Official system of social engineering intended to keep races separated Society BANTUSTANS “Pass laws” Best jobs reserved for whites Government In hands of white minority Blacks had no political rights

South Africa The African Resistance African National Congress (ANC) Goal: be able to live within existing order Initial strategy: nonviolent civil disobedience Government response MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960) Banned ANC Underground then adopted violent methods Massacre in Sharpeville

South Africa Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Attorney Believed in nonracial social democracy Joined ANC in 1944, compelled to abandon nonviolent stance Tried for “crimes” against government (1963-64) Convicted, sentenced to life imprisonment

South Africa The End of Apartheid South Africa faced internal resistance, international pressure Mandela released 1990 Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela  end of apartheid Mandela elected first president of multiracial government (1994-99)

South Africa

South Africa Questions?

Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?