Introduction and Literature Review SAFE 602/791 Week 4 Introduction and Literature Review

Objectives Quizzes and assignments review What is literature review Why and when the lit review is conducted Introduce the use and applicability of Endnote Introduce the methodology el

Quizzes and assignments Quiz 2 closed today at 5pm Quiz 3 will open today for a week Article review assignment is graded and feedback is provided Proposal was due today at 5pm Introduction Chapter assignment is due next week, Monday Feb 20.

Introduction Chapter In you next assignment, you will be writing your Introduction Chapter Introduction Statement of the problem Research questions and/or hypothesis Rationale or significance for the study Assumptions Limitations/delimitations Definitions References

Purpose of the Literature Review You are proposing to conduct a study of some type Use the literature review to: Justify the fact that the broad area you will be studying is an issue of importance Identify the status of the research in the field to date Identify gaps that exist in the current research Justify the need for your proposed study and it’s significance to the research base

Purpose of the Literature Review Sources: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/literature-reviews/ http://guides.library.ucsc.edu/write-a-literature-review

Lit review resources Google Scholar EBSCOhost ERIC

Research quality Peer reviewed Author(s) Journal

Citation Endnote Mendeley Bibme Easybib Citefast Cite.com Citation creation

Methodology Descriptive Design Experimental Design Qualitative-Quantitative

Descriptive A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these are referred to as “ correlational ” or “ observational ” studies.

Descriptive May involve a one-time interaction with participants ( cross-sectional study ): Surveys and interviews Or a study observe participants over time ( longitudinal study ). No interaction.

Descriptive Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include: observational studies of people in an environment, and studies involving data collection using existing records (e.g., medical record review).

Experiment An experiment deliberately imposes a treatment on a group of objects or subjects in the interest of observing the response. Differs from an observational study: which involves collecting and analyzing data without changing existing conditions

Experimental Controls The control group is: practically identical to the treatment group, except for the single variable of interest whose effect is being tested, which is only applied to the treatment group. An example would be a drug trial. The group receiving the drug would be the treatment group and the one receiving the placebo would be the control group.

Treatment Groups A treatment is: The treatment groups: something that researchers administer to experimental units. The treatment groups: groups of subjects that received a particular treatment

Treatment Groups Example In a drug test, three different groups of subjects received three different types of drugs. The treatment: Administration of a particular Drug Type This is known as the: Independent variable

Experimental Design The proper organization of the experiment ensures that: the right type of data, and enough of it, is available to answer the questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as possible. Attention to experimental design is extremely important because : the validity of a experiment is directly affected by its construction and execution

Factors In an experimental design, a factor in an experiment is a controlled independent variable(s) (IVs) A variable whose levels are set by the experimenter (manipulated) A factor consists of categories of treatments Measured dependent variable(s) (DVs) Study the effect of IVs on DVs From a statistical standpoint, the researcher looks for differences in the averages of the dependent variable(s) across the groups of independent variables

Experimental Bias When researchers: fail to control for the effects of the differences in subjects, it can lead to experimental bias Experimental bias is the favoring of certain outcomes over others

Randomization Because it is generally extremely difficult for experimenters to eliminate bias using only their expert judgment, the common practice is the use of randomization objects or individuals are randomly assigned (by chance) to an experimental group.

Replication To improve the significance of an experimental result, replication, the repetition of an experiment on a large group of subjects, is required. If a treatment is truly effective, the long-term averaging effect of replication will reflect its experimental worth. If it is not effective, then the few members of the experimental population who may have reacted to the treatment will be negated by the large numbers of subjects who were unaffected by it. Not due to chance

Formats Experimental Designs are defined by their formats Examples of these formats include: One-way Analysis of Variance Multivariate Analysis of Variance Factorial Analysis of Variance Split Plot Design Latin Square Design