Figure 26.1 Reproductive organs of the male, sagittal view. Ureter Urinary bladder Peritoneum Prostatic urethra Seminal gland (vesicle) Pubis Intermediate part of the urethra Ampulla of ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Rectum Urogenital diaphragm Prostate Corpus cavernosum Bulbo-urethral gland Anus Corpus spongiosum Bulb of penis Spongy urethra Ductus (vas) deferens Epididymis Testis Glans penis Scrotum Prepuce (foreskin) External urethral orifice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 GnRH Anterior Via portal pituitary blood 7 7 6 Inhibin 2 LH FSH Figure 26.10 Hormonal regulation of testicular function, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. 1 GnRH Anterior pituitary Via portal blood 7 7 6 Inhibin 2 FSH LH Interstitial endocrine cells 3 3 4 Testosterone Somatic and psychological effects at other body sites; maintenance of secondary sex characteristics Sustentocyte 5 Spermatogenic cells Spermatogenesis Seminiferous tubule Stimulates Inhibits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Figure 26.2 Relationships of the testis to the scrotum and spermatic cord. Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic nerve fibers Septum of scrotum Pampiniform venous plexus Cremaster muscle Epididymis Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) External spermatic fascia Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Tunica albuginea of testis Scrotum Internal spermatic fascia Skin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.3a Structure of the testis. Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Testis Head of epididymis Seminiferous tubule Efferent ductule Rete testis Lobule Straight tubule Septum Tunica albuginea Body of epididymis Tunica vaginalis Cavity of tunica vaginalis Duct of epididymis Tail of epididymis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.5a Male reproductive structures. Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal gland Prostate Prostatic urethra Ejaculatory duct Orifices of prostatic ducts Bulbo-urethral gland and duct Intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra) Urogenital diaphragm Bulb of penis Root of penis Crus of penis Bulbo-urethral duct opening Ductus deferens Corpora cavernosa Epididymis Corpus spongiosum Body (shaft) of penis Testis Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) External urethral orifice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.1 Reproductive organs of the male, sagittal view. Ureter Urinary bladder Peritoneum Prostatic urethra Seminal gland (vesicle) Pubis Intermediate part of the urethra Ampulla of ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Rectum Urogenital diaphragm Prostate Corpus cavernosum Bulbo-urethral gland Anus Corpus spongiosum Bulb of penis Spongy urethra Ductus (vas) deferens Epididymis Testis Glans penis Scrotum Prepuce (foreskin) External urethral orifice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Figure 26.2 Relationships of the testis to the scrotum and spermatic cord. Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic nerve fibers Septum of scrotum Pampiniform venous plexus Cremaster muscle Epididymis Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) External spermatic fascia Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Tunica albuginea of testis Scrotum Internal spermatic fascia Skin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.5b Male reproductive structures. Dorsal vessels and nerves Corpora cavernosa Urethra Skin Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Deep arteries Corpus spongiosum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Figure 26.2 Relationships of the testis to the scrotum and spermatic cord. Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic nerve fibers Septum of scrotum Pampiniform venous plexus Cremaster muscle Epididymis Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) External spermatic fascia Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Tunica albuginea of testis Scrotum Internal spermatic fascia Skin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.9b Spermiogenesis: transformation of a spermatid into a functional sperm. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.9b Spermiogenesis: transformation of a spermatid into a functional sperm. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spermatogenesis Sperm (spermatozoa) production in seminiferous tubules Most body cells have 46 chromosomes - diploid chromosomal number (2n) Two sets (23 pairs) of chromosomes One maternal, one paternal – homologous chromosomes Gametes have 23 chromosomes - haploid chromosomal number (n) Only one member of homologous pair

Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Figure 26.12 Internal organs of the female reproductive system, midsagittal section. Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Peritoneum Uterus Uterosacral ligament Round ligament Vesicouterine pouch Perimetrium Rectouterine pouch Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Rectum Mons pubis Posterior fornix Cervix Urethra Anterior fornix Clitoris Vagina External urethral orifice Anus Urogenital diaphragm Hymen Labium minus Greater vestibular gland Labium majus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.14 Internal reproductive organs of a female, posterior view. Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Ovarian blood vessels Fundus of uterus Lumen (cavity) of uterus Uterine tube Broad ligament Ovary • Ampulla • Mesosalpinx • Isthmus • Infundibulum • Mesovarium • Fimbriae • Mesometrium Round ligament of uterus Ovarian ligament Wall of uterus • Endometrium Body of uterus • Myometrium Ureter • Perimetrium Uterine blood vessels • Internal os Isthmus • Cervical canal Uterosacral ligament • External os Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligament Lateral fornix Vagina Cervix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea Cortex Medulla Primary follicles Figure 26.13 Photomicrograph of a mammalian ovary showing follicles in different developmental phases. Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea Cortex Medulla Primary follicles Secondary follicle Antrum of a vesicular (antral) follicle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.14 Internal reproductive organs of a female, posterior view. Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Ovarian blood vessels Fundus of uterus Lumen (cavity) of uterus Uterine tube Broad ligament Ovary • Ampulla • Mesosalpinx • Isthmus • Infundibulum • Mesovarium • Fimbriae • Mesometrium Round ligament of uterus Ovarian ligament Wall of uterus • Endometrium Body of uterus • Myometrium Ureter • Perimetrium Uterine blood vessels • Internal os Isthmus • Cervical canal Uterosacral ligament • External os Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligament Lateral fornix Vagina Cervix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.16a The external genitalia (vulva) of the female. Mons pubis Labia majora Prepuce of clitoris Labia minora Clitoris (glans) External urethral orifice Vestibule Hymen (ruptured) Vaginal orifice Anus Opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.16b The external genitalia (vulva) of the female. Clitoris Labia minora Labia majora Anus Pubic symphysis Inferior ramus of pubis Body of clitoris, containing corpora cavernosa Clitoris (glans) Crus of clitoris External urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Greater vestibular gland Bulb of vestibule Fourchette © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.17a Structure of lactating mammary glands. Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament Adipose tissue Lobe Areola Nipple Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.17b Structure of lactating mammary glands. First rib Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament Adipose tissue Lobe Areola Nipple Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli Hypodermis (superficial fascia) Intercostal muscles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.