1. Anatomy of male and Female Reproductive Systems
Dr. Nabil Khouri

2. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

3. Objectives Identify the structures related to the external genitalia
Identify the testis, its coverings, and tubules
Trace the entire course of the ductus deferens and identify its ampulla;
Identify the seminal vesicle and demonstrate the formation and course of the ejaculatory duct.
Identify the prostate gland and describe its subdivisions
Demonstrate the epididymis and its subdivisions. 
Describe structure and function of the erectile bodies

4. Male Reproductive System
What is the homologous structure of the scrotum in females?

5. External Genital Organs
Penis
Scrotum

6. Perineum in Lithotomy Position
Urogenital trangle
Anal trangle

7. Penis and the Superficial Perineal Pouch
Crus of the penis
Bullb of the penis
Glans penis
Corpora spongiosa
Corpora cavernosa
body
roots

8. Penis
The penis is the organ by which the sperm is introduced into the female.
It contains spongy tissue that becomes turgid and erect when filled with blood.

9. Erectile Tissues
Corpus spongiosum – is the mass of spongy tissue which surrounds urethra and involves in erection by allowing rushing of blood into it 
Corpus cavernosa – is one of a pair of songe-like regions of erectile tissue which contains most of the blood in the penis during penile erection

10. Coronal Section of the Penis
Corpora cavernosa
(with tunica albuginea)
Corpora spongiosa
Urethra
Deep (Buck’s) fascia
Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Dorsal artery
Dorsal nerve
Deep artery
Superficial (Darto’s) fascia
Coronal Section of the Penis

11. Sagittal View of the Penis
Corpora cavernosa
(with tunica albuginea)
Corpora spongiosa
Deep dorsal vein
Dorsal artery
Dorsal nerve
Prepuce
Frenulum
Superficial dorsal vein

12. Urethra – a tube within the penis that conveys semen out of the body during ejaculation.
Glans – the rounded, highly sensitive head of the penis.
Prepuce – a fold of skin, covering the head of the penis.

13. Scrotum
A pouch of skin formed from the lower part of the abdominal wall. The scrotum keeps the testes at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperature.
Median raphe
This lower temperature is important for proper sperm development and survival.

14. Internal Genital Organs
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens

15. The Scrotum and Testis Dartos muscle External spermatic fascia
Epididymis
Dartos muscle
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Vas deferens
Tunica vaginalis

16. Testis *Testosterone- the primary male sex hormone
The testes are the two- oval shaped male organs that produce sperm and hormone testosterone *.
*Testosterone- the primary male sex hormone

17. Head of epididymis
Efferent ductules
Septa
Lobules
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Ductus deferens

18. Each testis is made of tightly coiled structures called seminiferous tubules. Among tubules are cells that produce testosterone.

19. Epididymis
The epididymis is a tightly coiled tubes against the testicles. It acts as maturation and storage place for sperm.
Adult human testicle with epididymis:
A. Head of epididymis,
B. Body of epididymis,
C. Tail of epididymis, and
D. Vas deferens

20. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
The vas deferens is a thin tube that starts from the epididymis to the urethra in the penis. They transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

21. Accessory glands Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands
These glands produce nourishing fluids for the sperms that enter the urethra.

22. Seminal Vesicles produce a sticky yellowish fluid that contains fructose.
The Seminal Vesicles are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens at one side of the bladder.
Ureter
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Urinary bladder
This fluid provides sperm cells energy and aids in their motility.

23. Prostate Gland
The Prostate Gland surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder.
The Prostate Gland is responsible for making the production of semen, a liquid mixture of sperm cells, prostate fluid and seminal fluid.
This gland is also responsible for making the semen milky by mixing calcium to the semen coming from seminal vesicle.

24. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s gland)
The Bulbourethral Glands are two small glands located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra.
It produces substances related to nourishment of spermatozoa.

25. Blood Supply of the Penis and Scrotum
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Dorsal artery
Deep artery
Internal iliac artery
Internal pudendal
artery
Anterior scrotal artery
Posterior scrotal artery
External pudendal artery

26. SPERM Function: To move and carry genetic information to the egg.
Structure:
Head: The large head region of the sperm that contains DNA.
Midpiece: The narrow middle part of the cell that contains mitochondria.
Tail: The wavelike motion of the flagellum propels the sperm forward.

27. REVIEW: (arrange in chronological order)
The pathway of the sperm in the male reproductive system are the following:
(arrange in chronological order)
REVIEW:
Testes
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra

28. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

29. Objectives
Describe the normal position and relationships of all organs of the reproductive tracts in both sexes and the role of each in reproductive processes.
Identify the vagina, and note the angle formed at its junction with the uterus
Identify the uterus and its subdivisions and demonstrate the continuity of its lumen with that of the uterine tubes and the vagina
Demonstrate the uterine tube and its subdivisions
Describe the broad ligament and differentiate its parts.
Identify the ovary and discuss the functional significance of its ligaments

31. Female Reproductive System
Produce sex hormones
Estrogen, Progesterone
Produce egg (ova)
Support & protect developing embryo
Give birth to new baby

32. External genetalia
Vulva—which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum.
Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which helps lubrication during intercourse.
Labia minora or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris
The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure. It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females.

33. The Female External Genitalia
Labia majora
Labia minora
External urethral orifice
Mons pubis
Clitoris
Vaginal orifice
Hymen

37. Female External Genitalia and the Superficial Perineal Pouch
Greater vestibular gland
(Bartholin’s gland)
Bulb of the Vestibule
Perineal body
Anus
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus

38. The Female External Genitalia and the Superficial Perineal Pouch
Ischiocavernous muscle
Superficial transverse
perineal muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
External urethral orifice
Clitoris
Vaginal canal

39. Female External Genitalia and the Deep Perineal Pouch
Bulb of the vestibule
Greater vestibular gland
Crus of the clitoris
Urethra
Deep transverse
perineal muscle
Clitoris
Vagina
Perineal membrane

40. Sagital View of the Entire Female Reproductive System
Labia majora
Labia minora
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Body of Uterus
Cervix
Vaginal canal
Clitortis

41. The Vagina
A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external genitals to the uterus.
Functions as a two- way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse
Serving as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world
Cul de sac
Anterior and posterior fornices
Vagina
Rectouterine pouch
Pouch of Douglas
Vesicouterine pouch

42. The Cervix The lower portion or neck of the uterus.
The cervix is lined with mucus, known as cervical mucus
Cervical mucus provides lubrication & sperm transport during sexual intercourse
During ovulation secretion of cervical mucus increases in response to estrogen
But when an egg is ready for fertilization, the mucus then becomes thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm
The vagina ends at the cervix,
(cervical mucus changes: employed by birth control pills, shots and implants. One of the ways they prevent conception is to render the cervical mucus thick, sparse, and hostile to sperm.)

43. The Cervix At the end of pregnancy
The cervix acts as the passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina.
The cervical canal expands to roughly 50 times its normal width for the passage of the baby during birth

44. Uterus Pear-shaped muscular organ in the female reproductive tract.
The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus where pregnancy occurs.
The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby.
The uterus expands considerably during the reproductive process.
The organ grows to from 10 to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.
Size = 3 in long x2 inch diameter
Weighs about oz
Pregnancy – watermelon sized 

45. Uterus
The main body consists of a firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium) and an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium).
Endometrium is about 10% of uterus mass – myometrium almost 90% - thin outer coat called perimetrium
This cyclic process – the menstrual cycle – results from the interaction between the female reproductive organs and the endocrine system.
The endometrium thickens during the menstrual cycle to allow implantation of a fertilized egg.

46. Uterus
Body
Cervix
Fundus
Isthmus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

47. The endometrium is the innermost layer as a lining for the uterus
During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer.
This represents an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus.
Endometrium

48. The endometrium is central, echogenic (detectable using ultrasound scanners), and has an average thickness of 6.7 mm.
During pregnancy, the blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number, forming the placenta,
Placenta supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo & fetus.
Endometrium

49. Ovaries Also known as female gonads
They produce eggs (also called ova) every female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs
They also produce hormones:
Estrogen  & Progesterone
They are among the first organs to be formed as a female baby develops in the uterus. At the 20-week mark, the structures that will become the ovaries house roughly 6 to 7 million potential egg cells. From that point on, the number begins to decrease rapidly. A newborn infant has between 1 million to 2 million egg cells. By puberty the number has plummeted to 300,000. For every egg that matures and undergoes ovulation, roughly a thousand will fail, so that by menopause, only a few thousand remain. During the course of an average reproductive lifespan, roughly 300 mature eggs are produced for potential conception.
The ovaries produce these hormones throughout the fertile period of a woman's life. It is the hormones that control the menstrual cycle. As you get older and menopause approaches, the ovaries make less and less of these hormones and the periods eventually stop altogether.
So the normal ovaries cannot usually be felt in a clinical examination except in young, thin women.
The ovaries are the main source of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). These hormones control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
What is estrogen?
Estrogen is a group of female sex hormones that stimulate the appearance of secondary female sex characteristics in girls at puberty. Estrogen controls controls the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first part of the menstrual cycle, cause breast development in pregnancy and regulates various metabolic processes.

50. Fallopian tubes [uterine tubes]
Stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length.
The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria
Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes.
The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity.
Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube
(4 to 6 inches) = length
called fimbria (Latin for "fringes" or "fingers").each tube has about about 20 to 25
Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity. Other cells in the tube's inner lining or endothelium nourish the egg and lubricate it's path during its stay inside the fallopian tube. Once inside the fallopian tube, the egg and sperm meet and the egg is fertilized. If an egg doesn't become fertilized within 24 to 36 hours after ovulation, it will deteriorate and be removed by the body's immune system like any other dead cell in the body.

51. Uterine Tubes
Infundibulum
Ovary
Fimbriae
Ampula
Isthmus

52. Pregnant Uterus

53. The Broad Ligament (Posterior View)
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Anterior
Posterior
Uterine tube
ovary
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium

54. Ligaments of the Female Reproductive Organs (Posterior View)
Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
Ovarian ligament
(Round ligament of the Ovary)
Uterosacral ligament

55. Ligaments of the Female Reproductive Organs (Superior View)
Round Ligament of the uterus
Round ligament of the ovary
(Ovarian ligament)
Uterosacral ligament
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
(Infundibulopelvic ligament)

56. Blood Supply of the Pelvic Organs
Common iliac
Internal iliac artery
Obturator artery
Uterine artery
Vaginal artery
Superior vesical artery
Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal
artery

57. Blood Supply of the Female Reproductive Organs
Ovarian artery
Uterine artery
Vaginal artery
Internal pudendal artery