1. Reproductive System 1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane. 2
Reproductive System 1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane? 2. The opening of this tract (vagina, penis) is lined with what type of epithelium? 3. Past the opening, what type of epithelium lines the uterus? 4. How many layers of muscle are in the wall of the tubes like the fallopian tubes and vagina? 5. How many layers of muscle are in the uterus (holding chamber)? 6. What parasympathetic nerve would supply the reproductive system?

3. 1031 Basal lamina Spermatogonium (stem cell) Type A daughter cell
remains at basal lamina
as a stem cell
Mitosis
Type B daughter cell
Growth
Enters meiosis I
and moves to
adluminal
compartment
Primary
spermatocyte
Meiosis I
completed
Secondary
spermatocytes
Meiosis II
Early
spermatids
Late spermatids
Spermatozoa
(b) Events of spermatogenesis,
showing the relative position
of various spermatogenic cells
1031

4. 1032 Approximately 24 days Golgi apparatus Acrosomal vesicle
Mitochondria
Acrosome
Nucleus 1 2
Centrioles
Spermatid
nucleus
Microtubules
Midpiece
Head
(a) 3
Flagellum
Excess
cytoplasm 4
Tail 5 6 7
(b)
1032

6. 1044 Meiotic events Follicle development in ovary Before birth
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Mitosis
Oocyte
Primary oocyte
Primordial follicle
Growth
Infancy and
childhood
(ovary inactive)
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primordial follicle
Each month from
puberty to
menopause
Primary follicle
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Secondary follicle
Spindle
Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle
Meiosis I (completed
by one primary oocyte
each month in response
to LH surge)
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
First polar body
Ovulation
Meiosis II of polar
body (may or may
not occur)
Sperm
Ovulated secondary
oocyte
Meiosis II
completed
(only if
sperm
penetration
occurs)
In absence of
fertilization, ruptured
follicle becomes a
corpus luteum and
ultimately degenerates.
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate)
Second
polar body
Ovum
Degenating
corpus luteum
1044

7. Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens
Testosterone
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Head of epididymis
Testis
Efferent ductule
Seminiferous
Tubule (1-4) 2’
Rete testis
Lobule (250)
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Cavity of
tunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
(a)
1021

8. -acidic testicular fluid
Spermatogonium
(stem cell)
Cytoplasm of adjacent
sustentacular cells
Sustentacular
cell nucleus
Aka Sertoli cells
Basal lamina
Type A daughter cell
remains at basal lamina
as a stem cell
Type B daughter cell
Tight junction between
sustentacular cells
-Inhibin
-ABP
-acidic testicular fluid
Primary
spermatocyte
Secondary
spermatocytes
Early
spermatids
Late spermatids
Cytoplasmic
bridge
Spermatozoa
Lumen of
seminifer-
ous tubule
(c) A portion of the seminiferous tublule wall, showing the spermato-
genic cells surrounded by sustentacular cells (colored gold)
1031

9. Seminiferous
tubule
(c)
Interstitial cells
(Testosterone)
Spermatogenic
cells in tubule
epithelium
Areolar
connective
tissue
Myoid
cells
Sperm
1031

10. Urinary bladder
Superficial inguinal
ring (end of inguinal
canal)
Testicular artery
Spermatic cord
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Penis
Autonomic
nerve fibers
Middle septum
of scrotum
Pampiniform
venous plexus
Cremaster muscle
External spermatic
fascia
Epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
(from peritoneum)
Superficial fascia
containing dartos
muscle
Tunica albuginea
of testis
Scrotum
Internal spermatic
fascia
Skin
91.4 degrees
1020

11. Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens
Head of epididymis
Testis
Efferent ductule
(Vas efferens)
Seminiferous
tubule
Rete testis
Lobule
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Cavity of
tunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
(a)
Mature & storage (4 weeks)
1021

12. Ureter
Urinary bladder
Prostatic urethra
Membranous
urethra
Peritoneum
Seminal
vesicle
Urogenital
diaphragm
Ampulla
of ductus
deferens
Pubis
Corpus
spongiosum
Ejaculatory
duct
Corpus
cavernosum
Rectum
Spongy
urethra
Prostate
Bulbourethral
gland
Epididymis
Glans penis
Anus
Prepuce
Bulb of penis
Testis
External
urethral
orifice
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Scrotum
1019

13. -60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins Milky alkaline
Ureter
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Seminal vesicle
-60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins
Milky
alkaline
Urinary bladder
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifices of prostatic ducts
Bulbourethral gland and duct
Alkaline mucous
Membranous urethra
Urogenital diaphragm
Bulb of penis
Root of penis
Crus of penis
Bulbourethral duct opening
Ductus deferens
Corpora cavernosa
Epididymis
Corpus spongiosum
Shaft (body) of penis
Testis
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce (foreskin)
(a)
External urethral orifice
Dorsal vessels
and nerves
Corpora cavernosa
Urethra
Skin
Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies
Deep arteries
(b)
Semen 7.5pH + 4 = 6.5pH
Corpus spongiosum
1023

14. Male Reflexes Erection Parasympathetic reflex with relaxation of smooth muscle of arteries and erectile tissue Emission Sympathetic reflex with peristalsis of ducts and glands to allow semen to enter urethra Ejaculation Somatic reflex with contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle to allow semen to exit the body

15. Hypothalamus 1034 GnRH Anterior Via portal pituitary blood Inhibin FSH8 7 2
Inhibin 2
FSH LH
Interstitial
cells 3 4 6
Testosterone
Somatic and
psychological
effects at
other body
sites
Sustentacular
cell
Spermatogenic
cells 5
Seminiferous
tubule
Stimulates
Inhibits
1034

16. Testosterone Targets organs associated with the male primary sex characteristics (penis, testicles, ducts and glands) Targets organs associated with male secondary sex characteristics (bones, skeletal muscle, larynx, hair distribution) Stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic steroid)

17. Vulva
Mons
pubis
Labia
Majora (adipose)
Prepuce
of clitoris
Labia
minora
Clitoris
(glans)
Paraurethral gl.
Urethral
orifice
Vestibule
Hymen
(ruptured)
Vestibular bulbs
(c. spongiosum)
Vaginal
orifice
Anus
Opening of the duct
of the greater
vestibular gland
(a)
Bartholen’s gland (mucous)
(bulbourethral gland)
1040

18. 1035 Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary
Fimbriae
Peritoneum
Uterus
Uterosacral
ligament
Round ligament
Vesicouterine
pouch
Perimetrium
Rectouterine
pouch
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Posterior fornix
Cervix
Urethra
Anterior fornix
Clitoris
Vagina
External urethral
orifice
Anus
Hymen
Urogenital diaphragm
Labium minus
Greater vestibular
(Bartholin’s) gland
Labium majus
1035

19. -sm. muscle peristalsis -plugged -HPV (90%)
Ciliated
Ectopic pregnancy
Suspensory
ligament of ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Uterine
tube
Ovarian blood
vessels
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus
Ampulla
Mesosalpinx
Ovary
Isthmus
Mesovarium
Infundibulum
Broad
ligament
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligament of uterus
Ovarian ligament
Endometrium
Slough, placenta
Body of uterus
Myometrium
Wall of uterus
Ureter
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
peritoneum
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical
(cardinal) ligament
External os
Vagina
Lateral fornix
Cervix
-pH 4
-stratified squamous
-erectile tissue
-sm. muscle peristalsis
(a)
-plugged
-HPV (90%)
1037

20. Lumen of uterus
Epithelium
Capillaries
Uterine glands
Stratum
functionalis
Venous sinusoids
Mucous membrane
Lamina propria of
connective tissue
Spiral (coiled)
artery
Straight artery
Stratum
basalis
Endometrial vein
Smooth muscle fibers
Myometrium
Radial artery
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
Placenta
(b)
1039

21. -Estrogen & Progesterone
-Oogenesis
-Estrogen & Progesterone
Tunica
albuginea
Oocyte
Granulosa cells
Late secondary follicle
Degenerating corpus
luteum (corpus
albicans)
Cortex
Mesovarium and
blood vessels
Germinal
epithelium
cuboidal
Vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Estrogen
Primary
follicles
Antrum
Secondary oocyte
Oocyte
Ovarian
ligament
Zona
pellucida
Theca
folliculi
Medulla
Ovulated
oocyte
Corpus luteum
Developing
corpus luteum
Corona
radiata
progesterone
(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior
1036 & 1046

22. Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament
Skin (cut)
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament E
Adipose tissue
Lobe
15-20
progesterone
Areola
Nipple E
Opening of
lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
ampulla
Lactiferous duct E
Prolactin
-Ant. Pit.
-Pregnancy-breast growth
-Postpartum-milk production
Lobule containing
alveoli
Oxytocin
-Post. Pit.
-Milk release
-Contraction of uterine wall
(a)
1042

23. 1088 Let down reflex Inhibits hypothalamic neurons that
release dopamine. Hypothalamus
releases prolactin releasing factors
(PRFs) to portal circulation.
Start
Stimulation of
mechanoreceptors in
nipples by suckling
infant sends afferent
impulses to the
hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
sends efferent
impulses to the
posterior
pituitary where
oxytocin is stored.
Anterior pituitary
secretes prolactin
to blood.
Oxytocin is
released from the
posterior pituitary
and stimulates
myoepithelial cells
of breasts to contract.
Prolactin targets
mammary glands.
Milk production
Alveolar glands
respond by
releasing milk
through ducts of
nipples.
1088
Let down reflex

24. Growth & dvlpmt ovulation Progesterone Uterine build up 1048
Stimulates
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Inhibits 5
GnRH
Positive
feedback
exerted by
large in
estrogen
output. 4 8
Travels via
portal blood 1
Anterior pituitary 1 5
Progesterone
Estrogens
Inhibin
LH surge
FSH LH
Ruptured
follicle 6 2 2 8
Growth & dvlpmt
ovulation
Slightly
elevated
estrogen
and rising
inhibin
levels. 3 7
Thecal
cells
Granulosa
cells
Androgens
Corpus luteum
Mature follicle
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Progesterone
Uterine build up
Convert
androgens to
estrogens
Inhibin 2
Late follicular
and luteal phases
Early and midfollicular phases
1048

25. Estrogen -Primary and secondary sex characteristics -Development of breast tissue (adipose, ducts, nipple) -Stimulates the build-up of the endometrium for the menstrual period

26. Progesterone -Development of the glandular breast tissue -Works with estrogen to build-up endometrium -Decrease in progesterone responsible for the sloughing of the endometrium

27. GnRH