1. Reproductive System Chapter 27
I. Overview
1. gonads (testes & ovaries) produce gametes (sperm & egg) haploid cells & hormones
meiosis involves genetic recombination for variation of offspring
2. reproductive tract: receive, store & transport gametes
3. accessory glands secrete fluids into ducts of reproductive tract
4. Perineal structures: external genitalia

2. Meiosis creates gametes

3. II. Male Reproductive System. A
II. Male Reproductive System A. Testes: Produce sperm & male sex androgenic hormones. 2” x 1” in size Descend into scrotal sacs or scrotum during last 2 months of development a) Cremaster muscle: skeletal muscle, extension of internal oblique b) Dartos muscle: smooth muscle in superficial fascia of scrotum that wrinkles skin - Response to Temp.: Cold- testes are pulled up towards warmer abdomen & skin wrinkles to increase thickness & reduce heat loss. HOT- both muscle relaxed for cooling Tunica albuginea (fibrous CT) which is then covered by tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum). Tunica albuginea divides testis into lobules with septa lobules /testis Seminiferous tubules: 80% testicular volume; spermatogenesis. (sperm production) Spermatogonia: sperm stem cells located in outer region of seminiferous tubules. Spermatocyte: undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells. Spermatids: undergo spermiogenesis with help of nurse cells (Sertoli cells) Spermatozoa: head, acrosome, middle piece, tail- still unable to fertilize egg * 1 spermatogonia  4 spermatozoans 9 weeks 4. Interstitial cells of Leydig Androgens eg) testosterone

4. Figure 27.3 The Male Reproductive System, Part II
Testicular artery
Urinary
bladder
Testicular vein
Inguinal
canal
Penis
Inguinal ligament
Spermatic Cord
Superficial
inguinal ring
Genitofemoral nerve
Deferential artery
Ductus deferens
Pampiniform plexus
Spermatic cord
Testicular artery
Scrotal septum
Epididymis
Cremaster muscle
Scrotal cavity
Layers of the Scrotum
Testis (covered by visceral
layer of tunica vaginalis)
Superficial scrotal
fascia
Parietal layer of
tunica vaginalis
(inner lining of cremaster,
facing scrotal cavity)
Dartos muscle
Scrotal skin (cut)
Perineal raphe
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5. Figure 27.4a Structure of the Testes
Ductus deferens
Mediastinum of testis
Figure 27.4a Structure of the Testes
Epididymis
Efferent ductule
Rete
testis
Scrotum
Skin
Dartos muscle
Straight
tubule
Superficial
scrotal fascia
Cremaster muscle
Seminiferous
tubules
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Septa
Scrotal cavity
Septa
Lobule
Perineal raphe a
Diagrammatic horizontal section
showing the anatomical relationships
of the testes within the scrotal
cavities. The connective tissues
surrounding the seminiferous tubules
and the rete testis are not shown.
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6. Ways to lower sperm count!

7. The normal volume varies from 1.5 to 5.0 milliliter per ejaculation.
The sperm count varies from 20 to 150 million sperm per milliliter.
Low end: 1.5ml x 20 million= 30 million sperm per ejaculate!
High end: 5ml x 150 million= 750 million sperm per ejaculate!
At least 60% of the sperm should have a normal shape and show normal forward movement (motility).

8. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Path to epididymis
Seminiferous tubules straight tubule  rete testis efferent ductules  epididymis
C. Epididymis: Uncoiled, epididymis is 20 feet (6m)! Has a head (receives spermatozoa) body, tail.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia
Site of maturation & storage (2 weeks). Sperm can be stored here for several months, then phagocytized.
D. Spermatic cord
1. contains lymphatics, blood vessels, testicular art, pampinaform plexus, nerve, cremaster muscle & Vas deferens
2. runs through the inguinal canal
E. Vas Deferens/ Ductus Deferens (16-18” long) Transports sperm to prostatic urethra
Widens at the ampulla which meets the seminal vesicle to form a short ejaculatory duct.(1”). Sperm & semen leave via urethra (membranous prostatic  spongy)
F. Accessory Glands
1. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) (2)
2. Seminal Vesicle (2)
60% semen, neutralize acids of vagina, fructose
3. Prostate (1)
G. Penis
1. Externally:
Root: attached to abdomen. Shaft or body: free portion. Glans penis: enlarged tip with prepuce (foreskin). *sometimes removed with circumcision.
2. Internally:
3 cylinders of erectile tissue. sponge-like network of vascular spaces.
(1) corpus spongiosum- midventral
(2) corpora cavernosa
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9. Figure 27.7b The Epididymis
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
Head of epididymis
Efferent ductules
Straight tubule
Rete testis in mediastinum
Body of epididymis
Seminiferous tubule
Tunica albuginea covering testis
Scrotal cavity
Tail of epididymis
Diagrammatic view of the testis and epididymis showing the sectional plane of part (c) 9

10. Figure 27.7a The Epididymis
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tunica albuginea covering testis
Tail of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis (reflected)
Appearance of the testis and epididymis on gross dissection 10

11. Figure 27.8a The Ductus Deferens and Accessory Glands
A posterior view of the urinary bladder and prostate gland showing subdivisions of the ductus deferens in relation to surrounding structures
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Ductus deferens
Seminal gland
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Duct of seminal gland
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Prostatic urethra
Bulbo-urethral glands
Urogenital diaphragm 11

12. Frontal section showing the structures of the penis
Figure 27.9a The Penis
Ureter
Trigone of urinary
bladder
Seminal gland
Ductus deferens
Prostate gland
Opening of
ejaculatory duct
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Urogenital diaphragm
Bulbo-urethral gland
Bulb of penis
Crus (leg)
of penis
Opening from
bulbo-urethral gland
Erectile Tissue
Corpus spongiosum
Corpora cavernosa
Spongy urethra
Glans
Prepuce
External urethral
orifice a
Frontal section showing the
structures of the penis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Checking the prostate!

14. Figure 27.9b The Penis
Dorsal blood vessels
Dorsal artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow)
Corpora cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Collagenous sheath
Spongy urethra
Corpus spongiosum
Cross sections of the penis showing the histological relation of the urethra and three masses of erectile tissue
Penis
LM  12 14

15. Lateral and oblique view of the penis showing
Figure 27.9c The Penis
Pubic
symphysis
Membranous
urethra
Bulb of penis
Right crus
of penis
Body (shaft)
of penis
Ischial ramus
Erectile Tissue
Corpus spongiosum
Corpora cavernosa
Glans
Scrotum
External
urethral orifice c
Lateral and oblique view of the penis showing
the orientation of the erectile tissues
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16. A cross section through the shaft of the penis
Figure 27.9d The Penis
Pubic symphysis
Dorsal artery
Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Dorsal artery
Corpora cavernosa
Spongy urethra
Corpus spongiosum
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle overlying shaft of penis
A cross section through the shaft of the penis 16

17. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I (Part 2 of 2)
Sigmoid colon (cut)
Rectum
Internal urethral orifice
Rectus abdominis
Prostatic urethra
Urinary bladder
Prostate gland
Pubic symphysis
Bristle within ejaculatory duct
Membranous urethra
Penis
Spongy urethra
Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Corpus cavernosum
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Scrotum
Testis 17

18. II. Female. A. Ovaries (2) (approx
II. Female A. Ovaries (2) (approx. 3 cm x 1 cm x1cm)are supported by mesovarium 1) Mesovarium (part of broad ligament) which is actually a large fold of peritoneum. Limits side to side movement & rotation 2) Suspensory ligaments- superior, attach ovary to pelvic wall. Contains ovarian artery & vein 3) Ovarian ligament – fibrous band that anchors ovary to uterus- within the broad ligament Externally: Tunica albuginea- fibrous capsule that is covered by germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium- but does not produce egg) 2. Internally: 1) cortex- outer portion. Has the developing oocytes that are in sac-like follicles. Females are born w/ approx..2 million which is reduced to 300, ,000 by puberty. About 400 will mature 2) medulla- inner portion, has blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics.

19. Figure 27.10 The Female Reproductive System (1of 2)
Major Components
of the Female
Reproductive System
Ovarian follicle
Gonad
Ovary
Rectouterine
pouch
Uterine tube
Sigmoid
colon
Uterus
Vesicouterine
pouch
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Urinary bladder
Endometrium
Urethra
Cervix
Pubic symphysis
Vagina
Accessory Glands
Rectum
Paraurethral glands
Greater vestibular gland
Anus
External Genitalia
Labium minus
Clitoris
Labium majus
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20. Figure 27.11a The Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, and Uterus
Structures Stabilizing the Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterine tube
Ovarian
ligament
Mesovarium
Suspensory
ligament
Retractor
Ovarian artery
and vein
Uterus
Infundibulum
Broad ligament
Ovary
Ureter
Uterosacral ligament
External os
Cervix
Figure 27.11a The Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, and Uterus
Vaginal rugae
Vaginal wall
Posterior view of the ovaries, uterine tubes, and
uterus along with their supporting ligaments. a

21. The moment was captured by chance during a hysterectomy
During ovulation, the ovary produces a reddish protrusion to release the egg. Some suggest an explosive release of the egg but the filmed ovulation took 15 minutes to finish. LEUVEN INSTITUTE FOR FERTILITY And EMBRYOLOGY
HUMAN OVULATION FILMED FOR FIRST TIME!
The moment was captured by chance during a hysterectomy
operation. June 2008

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B. Uterine tube/Fallopian tube: Extend from uterus to ovaries. (about 10 cm or 4”)
1. External anatomy
a) infundibulum: fimbriae
b) ampulla: thick wall, most fertilization occurs here
c) Isthmus: narrow passage to uterus.
d) uterine part
2. Internal anatomy
a) ciliated columnar cells- creating current/move ovum
b) smooth muscle wall- peristalisis
3. ectopic pregnancy
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23. Figure 27.14a The Uterine Tubes
Ampulla
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Fimbria
Uterus
Regions of the uterine tubes 23

24. Figure 27.14 The Uterine Tubes
Ampulla
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Uterus
Fimbria a
Regions of
the uterine
tubes
Microvilli of
mucin-
secreting
cells
Columnar
epithelium
Lamina propria
Cilia
Smooth muscle
Isthmus of uterine tube
LM × 122
Epithelial surface of uterine tube
SEM × 4000 b
Histology of the isthmus as
seen in sectional view c
A colorized SEM of the ciliated
lining of the uterine tube
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26. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
C. Uterus
1. External anatomy
Fundus, Body, Isthmus & Cervix (with os) *pap smear
Held in position by: broad, uterosacral, round (round lig. From uterus to ant wall of abdomen(visible on diagram 27.15)
2. Internal anatomy
a) Endometrium-10% Inner mucosal lining of uterus that helps in forming the placenta. Simple columnar cells with secretory & ciliated cells. Under this is lamina propria of CT.
i) functional layer – thickens & thins w/menstrual cycle, contains glands, shed in menses
ii) basal layer
b) Myometrium: 90% interlacing smooth muscle
c) Perimetrium: outer layer serous membrane of peritoneum Disorder: Prolapsed uterus
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27. Internal os (internal orifice)
Figure 27.15a The Uterus
Uterine Tube
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterine part
Uterine
tube
Suspensory ligament
of ovary
Fundus
of uterus
Ovarian artery
and vein
Body of
uterus
Mesovarium
Ovary
Ovarian ligament
Uterine
cavity
Round ligament
of uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Broad ligament
Endometrium
See Figure 27.16
Uterine artery
and vein
Internal os (internal orifice)
Isthmus of uterus
Cervix
Cervical canal
Vaginal artery
External os
(external orifice)
Vaginal rugae
See Figure 27.19
Vagina a
Posterior view of the uterus
and stabilizing ligaments
within the pelvic cavity
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28. Figure 27.16a The Uterine Wall
cavity
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Radial artery
Arcuate
artery
Uterine
artery a
A diagrammatic sectional view
of the uterine wall
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Figure 27.16b The Uterine Wall
Straight artery
Radial artery
Endometrium
Simple columnar
epithelium
Spiral artery
Functional layer
Basilar layer
Uterine glands b
A Sectional view of the
endometrium and its arterial
supply
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30. Normal cervix

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D. Vagina
1. Fibromuscular walls can stretch for both intercourse & birth. Smooth muscle circular & longitudinal continuous with uterus
2. Fornix
3. rugae (transverse folds),
4. hymen: incomplete diaphragm, vascularized
Variable durability: some women-thin & broken in sports activities/tampon use; others is so tough it requires surgery to remove
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32. Figure 27.22 Uterovaginal Prolapse
Uterus bulges into vagina
Uterus
Bladder
Vagina
Normal uterus
Prolapsed uterus 32

33. Figure 27.20b The Female External Genitalia
Ovary
Uterus
Fornix
Vagina
Levator ani muscle
Vaginal canal
Urogenital diaphragm
Bulbospongiosus
Vestibular bulb
Location of hymen (torn)
Vestibule
Labium majus
Labium minus
A diagrammatic frontal section showing the relative positions of the internal and external reproductive structures 33

34. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
E. Vulva/ External genitalia
1. Mons pubis
2. Labia majora:. two larger, skin folds w/fat. Has pubic hair. Homologous to scrotum.
3. Labia minora: two smaller skin folds inside labia majora, hairless
4. Vestibule
5. Clitoris: homologous to the penis. Prepuce
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35. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
External
Genitalia
Mons pubis
Clitoris
Prepuce
Glans
Urethral opening
Vestibule
Vestibular bulb
Labium minora
Hymen (torn)
Vaginal entrance
Labium majora
Greater vestibular
gland
Anus a
An inferior view of the female perineum
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36. F. Mammary glands. 1. External anatomy
F. Mammary glands 1. External anatomy a) areola & nipple: many sebaceous glands b) superficial to pectoralis major 2. Internal anatomy a) lobes, lobules, secretory alveoli with modified sweat glands b) lactiferous ducts lactiferous sinus c) adipose tissue between lobes d) suspensory ligaments- bands of connective tissue, separates lobes of breast, support breasts, runs from nipple to underlying muscles Lactation: producing milk. Under hormonal control - prolactin

37. Figure 27.21a The Mammary Glands
Pectoralis major muscle
Pectoral fat pad
Suspensory ligaments
Lobes of mammary glands
Lactiferous duct
Areola
Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Gross anatomy of the breast 37

38. Figure 27.21b The Mammary Glands
Pectoral fat pad
Suspensory ligaments
Lactiferous sinus
Nipple
Areola
Pectoralis major muscle
Xeromammogram, a radiographic technique designed to show the tissue detail of the breast, mediolateral projection 38