Introduction to Health Science

Primitive Times Believed that illness was caused by supernatural spirits and demons Tribal witch doctors performed ceremonies to drive out evil spirits Herbs and plants used as medicine

Ancient Egyptians Earliest people to keep health records Identified diseases Used medicine to heal disease Splinted fractures Used bloodletting

Ancient Chinese First to use acupuncture therapies Treated disease with stone tools

Ancient Greeks Studied causes of disease Hippocrates The “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath “Code of Ethics” Aristotle Dissected animals

Ancient Romans First to organize medical care Early hospitals in homes Developed sanitation system Claudius Galen (129-199 AD): Dissection is key to understanding body Could only dissect animals Used pulse as a diagnostic tool

Dark and Middle Ages (400 - 1400 AD) Study of medicine stopped for over 1000 years Medicine practiced in monasteries and convents Used Herbal Medicine

Plagues and Epidemics during the dark ages Bubonic Plague

Even today the plague is still remembered... “Ring around the rosies, Pocket full of posies, Ashes, Ashes, we all fall down!”

The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD) Rebirth of Science Medical schools Study of the body by dissection

The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD) Leonardo da Vinci Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body

Monks copying books in a Monastery prior to the Renaissance The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD) The invention of the printing press made books available to study. Monks copying books in a Monastery prior to the Renaissance

Pumping heart and circulation 16th and 17th Century William Harvey Pumping heart and circulation

Invented the microscope 16th and 17th Century Anton van Leeuwenhoek Invented the microscope

18th Century Benjamin Franklin Invented bifocals because he had trouble seeing Electricity Many more inventions

18th Century Edward Jenner Vaccination for smallpox

19th Century Ignas Semmelweiss Cause of childhood fever Instituted hand washing Died from a cut he received during an autopsy

Invented the stethoscope 19th Century Rene Laennec Invented the stethoscope

19th Century Florence Nightingale First school of nursing Started during the Crimean War Made nursing an honorable profession

19th Century Clara Barton Established the American Red Cross

Microorganisms cause disease 19th Century Louis Pasteur Microorganisms cause disease

19th Century Joseph Lister The first doctor to use antiseptic during an operation to prevent infection

The “Father of Microbiology” 19th Century Robert Koch The “Father of Microbiology”

19th Century Wilhelm Roentgen Discovered x-rays

20th Century Sigmund Freud His studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry

20th Century Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin

20th Century Jonas Salk Discovered a “killed” polio virus vaccine

20th Century Albert Sabin Used a “live” polio vaccine

21st Century New approaches to medical care are being discovered every year

People are taught more about wellness, and learn more about health care