MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES

(This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon. Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.)  MONOMERS POLYMER Join together to form a These large molecules are called macromolecules: Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW… Carbon can make ____ bonds. Oxygen can make ____ bonds. Hydrogen can make ____ bond. Nitrogen can make ____ bonds.

DRAWING STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Carbon is usually in the middle (Carbon Backbone) Each line you draw is a single bond and represents the sharing of two electrons CH4 (methane) C3H8 (propane) CHCl3 (chlorophorm) CH3OH (methanol) C5H11OH (pentanol) CH4N (methylamide)

NUTRIENTS Micronutrients Macronutrients Nutrients are needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. ______________ energy building blocks There are two types of nutrients: Micronutrients Macronutrients Vitamins Carbohydrates Proteins Minerals Lipids (fats) Water

Types of Carbohydrates Sugars and starches are the main source which come from plants. Main Function: Provide Energy Contain the elements C, H, and O. Types of Carbohydrates Simple Sugars Monosaccharides Disaccharides Complex Sugars Polysaccharides

SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES) Monosaccharide: “saccharide” means sugar prefix “mono” = one  monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule   e.g. Glucose straight chain ring form

SIMPLE SUGARS Glucose Galactose Fructose Eg. Honey Eg. Milk Eg. Fruit The molecules are not flat. They are just drawn like that to make it easier to understand. In reality, they are 3-D structures.

MONOSACCHARIDES JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES Condensation Reaction: Two molecules join together with the loss of a water molecule. The bond created between two sugars is called a Glycosidic Linkage.

SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES) Disaccharide: “saccharide” means sugar “di” means two. Therefore, Disaccharide = two sugars. single sugars combine to form double sugars Glucose + Glucose  Maltose Eg. Beer Glucose + Galactose  Lactose Eg. Milk Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose Eg. Table Sugar

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides prefix “poly” means many: polysaccharides have many sugars Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________. Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream. it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell) starch glycogen cellulose monosaccharides (like glucose) 11

POLYSACCHARIDES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUGARS. Hydrolysis Reaction: Opposite of Condenation. The addition of water to separate two molecules.

Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates: Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test 1. monosaccharide 1 glucose honey direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Benedict’s changes blue  orange/red when heated fructose fruit same as above

Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test 2. disaccharide 2 sucrose table sugar enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars) Benedict’s turns blue  green/orangewhen heated lactose dairy products monosaccharides for energy

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Function Nutrient Test 3. polysaccharide 1000s starch grains potatoes rice digested into 1000s of monosaccharides for energy how plants store energy Iodine changes to dark blue (looks black) glycogen liver muscle how animals store energy cellulose cell walls celery tough, insoluble no enzyme to break it down provides roughage to keep you regular ....1000’s