Chapter 1 History Alive

1.1 Introduction geography – the study of our physical surroundings and how humans interact with them Geo = Earth globe – a sphere (ball) that shows a map of the Earth’s features latitude – how far a place is from the equator, measured in degrees with the help of parallels of latitude longitude – how far a place is from the prime meridian, measured in degrees with the help of meridians of longitude geographic terms – words that name different landforms and bodies of water (bay, sea, peninsula, island, etc.) physical features – named, important parts of the Earth’s surface (Rocky Mountains, Mississippi River, Great Plains, etc.)

1.2 Understanding the Globe PRIME MERIDIAN EQUATOR

1.2 Understanding the Globe North Pole = most northern point South Pole = most southern point compass – an instrument (tool) for finding directions and has a needle that points North compass rose – a symbol on a map that shows the cardinal points and sometimes intermediate points cardinal points (N,E,S,W) intermediate points (NE,SE,SW,NW)

1.2 Understanding the Globe The Equator divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into the Western and Eastern hemispheres More than 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water Oceans are the largest bodies of water on Earth The 4 oceans from largest to smallest are: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Artic Ocean Continents are large masses of land surrounded by water The 7 continents from largest to smallest are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia

1.2 Understanding the Globe

1.3 Understanding Latitude & Longitude Distances between latitude and longitudinal lines are measured in degrees Parallels of Latitude - lines that circle Earth from West to East Equator = 0˚ latitude North Pole = 90˚N latitude South Pole = 90˚S latitude

1.3 Understanding Latitude & Longitude Meridians of Longitude – lines that circle Earth from North to South Prime Meridian = 0˚ longitude International Date Line = 180˚ longitude

1.3 Understanding Latitude & Longitude You can locate any point on Earth by using parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude First name the point’s latitude, then name the point’s longitude (la comes before lo in the dictionary) 30˚N, 90˚W = 15˚S, 30˚E = 60˚N, 45˚E = 25˚S, 140˚E = 45˚N, 155˚W = North America Name that Point! Africa Europe Australia Pacific Ocean

1.4 Using Geographic Terms for Water & Landforms Geographic terms help us describe different landforms and bodies of water landforms – masses of land, such as continents, islands, and peninsulas sea = small body of salt water gulf = part of an ocean or sea cuts into land bay = similar, but smaller than a gulf and has a wide opening to the sea lake = body of fresh water surrounded by land river = has a source, where the river originates, and a mouth, where the river empties into an ocean or lake tributary = a smaller stream that feeds into a river mountains = steep sides and rise at least 2,000 feet above sea level mountain range = row of connected mountains plains = land that is mostly flat with few trees peninsula = land that is surrounded by water on three sides cape = extension of land jutting out into the water (smaller than a peninsula) island = land that is completely surrounded by water valley = the low area between mountains ranges or hills delta = new land formed at the mouth of a river from the deposit of soil, shaped like a triangle

1.4 Using Geographic Terms for Water & Landforms

1.5 Physical Features of the US St. Lawrence R. Great Plains Gulf Coastal Plain

1.6 Chapter Summary Study vocabulary (matching) Be able to name specific points and symbols on a world map Be able to identify the physical features on a US map Be able to label geographic terms on an illustration Total of 24 questions: matching, fill in the blank, label