Organic molecules necessary for life Biomolecules Organic molecules necessary for life Use this time to pass out the student handouts and explain the overall idea of the project. Make sure to point out the essential questions, objectives, and grading rubric.

Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are very large molecules and are called macromolecules (“giant molecules”) because they are so much larger than other organic molecules. Because each characteristic of life could not occur without all 4 of these compounds, the molecules are sometimes referred to as biomolecules. (adapted from Gateways to Biology: Our Living Planet Region 4 SEC) Proteins Nucleic Acids

contain a carbon-hydrogen bond do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond Organic Molecules contain a carbon-hydrogen bond Inorganic Molecules do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond ORGANIC MOLECULES ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) INORGANIC MOLECULES INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

most important inorganic compound in living things Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules CO2 water lipid protein most important inorganic compound in living things nucleic acid ORGANIC MOLECULES lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein INORGANIC MOLECULES CO2 water: most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solution excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) carbohydrate

Building Biomolecules Monomer A single building block Polymer Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization (pah-lih-mur-ih-ZAY-shun), in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. The monomers in a polymer may be identical, like the links on a metal watch band; or the monomers may be different, like the beads in a multicolored necklace. (Prentice Hall Biology Miller & Livine) Chemical energy can be found in the bonds between monomers. The larger the molecule, the larger the number of bonds. A long chain of monomers joined together

Is the chain a monomer or a polymer? Is this a monomer or a polymer? Question Is the chain a monomer or a polymer? Is this a monomer or a polymer?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy8T52dM4Gg Using What You Know Watch the Gatorade Inside Edge Commercial with Kevin Durant. The company claims you need different products for different phases of physical activity. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy8T52dM4Gg What is this advertisement saying? Why does it matter what you eat?

Carbohydrates Major Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are made by producers are the body’s primary source of energy are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides CARBOHYDRATES are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers come in two basic forms: monosaccharide and polysaccharide

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6 H12 O6 Note the ring shape of the molecule. MONOSACCHARIDES (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6H12O6 (draws a glucose molecule) Other examples of monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar). Note the ring shape of the molecule. H CH2OH O OH C

Biomolecules Practice Which of these structures is a monosaccharide? a. b. c. d.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. O CH2OH H OH C POLYSACCHARIDES are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. (draws a 3-ring polysaccharide molecule) Sucrose is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

Biomolecules Practice Which of these structures is a disaccharide? a. b. c. d.

Biomolecules Practice Carbohydrates include all of the following types EXCEPT – monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides polypeptides

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have 3 monomers: -Glucose -Fructose -Galactose “ose” indicates sugar What would this tell you about the taste of monosaccharides?

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O H C O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. H C O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O

2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. Building Carbohydrates 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates Bonding two monomers together and losing water is called dehydration synthesis. 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is called a disaccharide. C H O C H O H O Would this compound taste sweet as well? H2O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H O

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O H

Building Carbohydrates What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? Hydrolysis C H O C H O

Building Carbohydrates The process of breaking compounds into smaller molecules by adding water back is called hydrolysis. What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it? C H O C H O

Question O CH2OH H OH C To make this polymer, would you have to do dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis? Is this polymer a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide?

Question O CH2OH H OH C To break down this polymer, would you have to do dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis? 2. How many water molecules would you need?

Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides. Building Carbohydrates Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides. C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 How many water molecules would be removed by making the polysaccharide? Polysaccharide Polysaccharides are known as starches. Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

Functions of Carbohydrates To provide a quick energy source Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose Energy C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 Provide structure and support. Ex: Cellulose (plants), chitin (insects) Energy storage. Ex: starch (plants), glycogen (muscles and liver)

Biomolecules Practice Each of the following is a function of carbohydrates EXCEPT – short-term energy storage b. structural component of cell walls provides fiber in our diet d. speeds up chemical reactions

Carbohydrates Review What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. glucose, starch, cellulose glucose, starch, cellulose

Lipids Major Organic Compounds

Lipids organic compounds contain C, H, O, P glycerol organic compounds contain C, H, O, P classified as saturated or unsaturated function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage also steroids LIPDS chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage water insoluble classified as saturated or unsaturated examples: fats, oils, waxes also steroids (serve as chemical messengers) water insoluble examples: fats, oils, waxes

Biomolecules Practice Carbohydrates and lipids are similar in that - both are composed of monosaccharides both are important for storing energy both dissolve readily in water Both are important as hormones and steroids

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape Lipids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape made up of glycerol and fatty acids C H O C H O C H O LIPIDS made up of glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule) and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule) Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

Biomolecules Practice The polymer incorrectly paired with its monomer(s) is - carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides proteins are composed of amino acids lipids are composed of polysaccharides nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides

Lipids Elements: C, H, O Monomer: Technically, none Structure: Fatty Acid Tails C H O C O H Glycerol C O H H O C

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. C H O C O H

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H H O H O

Making a Lipids The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis. H O C H O C O H Lipid H O H O

Biomolecules Practice This structure in the diagram is classified as a - nucleic acid carbohydrate protein lipid

Biomolecules Practice How many water molecules will be required for the complete hydrolysis of this lipid? none 1 2 d. 3

Lipids The different types of lipids are determined by the shape of the chain. C O H Saturated Fatty Acid: straight molecule. Bad for health. C O H Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains one kink in the chain. O C H Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: many kinks in the chain.

Function of Lipids Energy storage. Ex: triglycerides, oils Structure: make up cell membranes. Ex: phospholipids, sterols Water barrier. Ex: Oil and wax Energy Hormones. Ex: chemical messengers

Biomolecules Practice Which of these structures provides long-term energy storage? a. b. c. d.

Lipids Review What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. LIPIDS REVIEW What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. body fat, oils, waxes body fat, oils, waxes

EXIT SLIP What are the four kinds of biomolecules? 2. Compare the shape of a monosaccharide to the shape of a lipid. 3. Compare the functions of carbohydrates to the functions of lipids.

Proteins Major Organic Compounds

Proteins complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly 3D protein structure image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S PROTEINS complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids Proteins are made up of an amino group a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O PROTEINS are made up of an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure) a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure) and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure) (shows an alanine molecular structure) (shows a serine molecular structure) Alanine Serine

Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, S Monomer: Amino Acids (20) Structure: “R” is the functional group that varies

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C H O

Building Proteins Amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis to make a protein. N H O R C N H O R C Peptide Bond H O

Building Proteins Amino acids will continue to be added until the protein is complete. The newly formed protein is called a polypeptide. Proteins are different combinations of the 20 amino acids. Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond

Functions of Proteins Proteins are a major structural component for living organisms (ex. muscle) Proteins function as enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in the body.

Functions of Proteins Some hormones are protein. (peptide hormones) Proteins also function to transport or carry substances in and out of cells. Cell membrane channel protein

Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. PROTEIN REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. muscles, hair, cartilage, nails muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

Nucleic Acids Major Organic Compounds

Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P nucleotide Nucleic Acids sugar phosphate nitrogen base very large linear molecules sugar phosphate nitrogen base contain C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base NUCLEIC ACIDS very large linear molecules made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins examples: DNA and RNA examples: DNA and RNA DNA molecule

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide 3. 1. Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) Nitrogen Base 2. H H2 H3 O C N P 1. 2. 3.

Nucleic Acids There are 4 different nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine 1. 2. 3. Nucleotides, when joined together by dehydration synthesis, make either DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acids-DNA P S N

Nucleic Acids-DNA P S N

Functions of Nucleic Acids Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA Remember, all living organisms share a universal genetic code! Help make proteins (RNA)

Nucleic Acid Review What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? NUCLEIC ACID REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA