ACTIVE LEARNING PROCESS Branch: Computer Engineering Guided By : Prof. Jugal Panchal Prepared By : Dishant Panchal 13BECEG112 Neeshit Kaushik 13BECEG122 Neel Panchal 13BECEG116

Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Refrigeration & AC

High Temperature Reservoir Low Temperature Reservoir Introduction How does it work? Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool products or a building environment. High Temperature Reservoir Low Temperature Reservoir R Work Input Heat Absorbed Heat Rejected Refrigeration & AC Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool products or a building environment. The refrigeration or air conditioning system (R) transfers heat from a cooler low-energy reservoir to a warmer high-energy reservoir

Introduction How does it work? Refrigeration & AC Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer: 1) Indoor air loop 2) Chilled water loop 3) Refrigerant loop 4) Condenser water loop 5) Cooling water loop Refrigeration & AC There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown in Figure 2. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop. In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chiller’s evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chiller’s compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chiller’s condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop. The cooling tower’s fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors. (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2004)

Refrigeration systems for industrial processes Introduction Refrigeration systems for industrial processes Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration) Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50 – 250 TR) Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR) Refrigeration & AC The following refrigeration systems exist for industrial processes (e.g. chilling plants) and domestic purposes (modular units, i.e. refrigerators): Small capacity modular units of the direct expansion type similar to domestic refrigerators. Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant for a temperature range over typically 5 oC. They can also be used for ice bank formation. Brine plants, which use brines as a lower temperature, secondary coolant for typically sub-zero temperature applications, which come as modular unit capacities as well as large centralized plant capacities. The plant capacities up to 50 TR (tons of refrigeration) are usually considered as small capacity, 50 – 250 TR as medium capacity and over 250 TR as large capacity units.

Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Types Of Air Conditioner Refrigeration & AC This section include various types of refrigeration such as Vapour Compression Refrigeration and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system

Types of Refrigeration Refrigeration systems Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy Refrigeration & AC The two principle types of refrigeration plants found in industrial use are: Vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) and vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR). VCR uses mechanical energy as the driving force for refrigeration, while VAR uses thermal energy as the driving force for refrigeration.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand If pressure high enough Compressed air hotter than source of cooling Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature Refrigeration & AC Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Two advantages Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to change liquid to vapour) Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of working fluid much lower than what is being cooled) Refrigeration & AC Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approaches that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4 Refrigeration & AC The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages:---

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas Vapour Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4 /Refrigeration & AC The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages:--- 1 – 2. Low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually air, water or some other process liquid. During this process it changes its state from a liquid to a gas, and at the evaporator exit is slightly superheated.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised Vapour Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4 Refrigeration & AC The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages:--- 2 – 3. The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised. The temperature will also increase, because a proportion of the energy put into the compression process is transferred to the refrigerant.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser Vapour Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4 Refrigeration & AC The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages:--- 3 – 4. The high pressure superheated gas passes from the compressor into the condenser. The initial part of the cooling process (3-3a) de-superheats the gas before it is then turned back into liquid (3a-3b). The cooling for this process is usually achieved by using air or water. A further reduction in temperature happens in the pipe work and liquid receiver (3b - 4), so that the refrigerant liquid is sub-cooled as it enters the expansion device

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator Vapour Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4 Refrigeration & AC The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages:--- 1 – 2. Low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually air, water or some other process liquid. During this process it changes its state from a liquid to a gas, and at the evaporator exit is slightly superheated. 2 – 3. The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised. The temperature will also increase, because a proportion of the energy put into the compression process is transferred to the refrigerant. 3 – 4. The high pressure superheated gas passes from the compressor into the condenser. The initial part of the cooling process (3-3a) de-superheats the gas before it is then turned back into liquid (3a-3b). The cooling for this process is usually achieved by using air or water. A further reduction in temperature happens in the pipe work and liquid receiver (3b - 4), so that the refrigerant liquid is sub-cooled as it enters the expansion device.CondenserEvaporatorHigh Pressure SideLow Pressure SideCompressorExpansion Device1234 4 - 1 The high-pressure sub-cooled liquid passes through the expansion device, which both reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of refrigerant Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R-502 Refrigeration & AC A variety of refrigerants are used in vapor compression systems. The choice of fluid is determined largely by the cooling temperature required. Commonly used refrigerants are in the family of chlorinated fluorocarbons, CFCs, also known as freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R-502.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by Refrigerant Required cooling Load Ease of maintenance Physical space requirements Availability of utilities (water, power) Refrigeration & AC The choice of refrigerant and the required cooling temperature and load determine the choice of compressor, as well as the design of the condenser, evaporator, and other auxiliaries. Additional factors such as ease of maintenance, physical space requirements and availability of utilities for auxiliaries (water, power, etc.) also influence component selection.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Generator Evaporator Absorber Cold Side Hot Side Refrigeration & AC The vapour absorption refrigeration system consists of: Evaporator Absorber High pressure generator Condenser

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Evaporator Refrigeration & AC Evaporator The refrigerant (water) evaporates at around 4oC under a high vacuum condition of 754 mm Hg in the evaporator. Chilled water goes through heat exchanger tubes in the evaporator and transfers heat to the evaporated refrigerant. The evaporated refrigerant (vapor) turns into liquid again, while the latent heat from this vaporization process cools the chilled water (in the diagram from 12 oC to 7 oC). The chilled water is then used for cooling purposes.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Absorber Refrigeration & AC Absorber In order to keep evaporating, the refrigerant vapor must be discharged from the evaporator and refrigerant (water) must be supplied. The refrigerant vapor is absorbed into lithium bromide solution, which is convenient to absorb the refrigerant vapor in the absorber. The heat generated in the absorption process is continuously removed from the system by cooling water. The absorption also maintains the vacuum inside the evaporator.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration High pressure generator Refrigeration & AC High Pressure Generator As lithium bromide solution is diluted, the ability to absorb the refrigerant vapor reduces. In order to keep the absorption process going, the diluted lithium bromide solution must be concentrated again. An absorption chiller is provided with a solution concentrating system, called a generator. Heating media such as steam, hot water, gas or oil perform the function of concentrating solutions.The concentrated solution is returned to the absorber to absorb refrigerant vapor again.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Condenser Refrigeration & AC Condenser To complete the refrigeration cycle, and thereby ensuring the refrigeration takes place continuously, the following two functions are required To concentrate and liquefy the evaporated refrigerant vapor, which is generated in the high-pressure generator. To supply the condensed water to the evaporator as refrigerant (water) For these two functions a condenser is installed.

Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Type Of Air Conditioner Refrigeration & AC This section include performance evaluation of refrigeration plant and examples for the assessment of refrigeration plant.

Types Of Air Conditioner Air Conditioning System An air conditioning system is an assembly of different part of the system used produce a specified condition of air within a require space or building. The basic elements of air conditioning system:-- Fans : For circulation of air Filters : For cleaning air Heating Elements : Heating of air(It may be electric heater , steam , hot water. Control System : It regulates automatically the amount of cooling or heating. Grill : It adjust the direction of the conditioned air to the room. Tray : It collects condensed water. Refrigerating Plant : provide cooling . It consist of compressor/generator and absorber,eveporator,condensor,expansion device(capallary tube). Refrigeration & AC Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Window Air Conditioner

Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioners Types Of Air Conditioner Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioners Refrigeration & AC Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Window Air Conditioner

Window Air Conditioner Types Of Air Conditioner Window Air Conditioner Refrigeration & AC Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Window Air Conditioner

Window Air Conditioner Types Of Air Conditioner Window Air Conditioner Working:--The air circulation system of the window air conditioner comprises of the following parts (please refer fig 4 & 5). 1) Blower: This is the small blower that is fitted behind the evaporator or cooling coil inside the assembly of the window air conditioner system. The blower sucks the air from the room which first passes over the air filter and gets filtered. The air then passes over the cooling coil and gets chilled. The blower then blows this filtered and chilled air, which passes through the supply air compartment inside the window air conditioner assembly. This air is then delivered into the room from the supply air grill of the front panel. 2) Propeller fan or the condenser fan: The condenser fan is the forced draft type of propeller fan that sucks the atmospheric air and blows it over the condenser. The hot refrigerant inside the condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air and its temperature reduces. 3) Fan motor: The motor inside the window air conditioner assembly is located between the condenser and the evaporator coil. It has double shaft on one side of which the blower is fitted and on the other side the condenser fan is fitted. This makes the whole assembly of the blower, the condenser fan and the motor highly compact. Refrigeration & AC Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Window Air Conditioner

Split Air Conditioner Types Of Air Conditioner Refrigeration & AC Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Window Air Conditioner

Split Air Conditioner The Split Air Conditioner divided in two parts:-- (1)First part:-Include the evaporator,filter,evaporator fan and grill. They placed inside the room. (2)Second part:-Include Condensor ,fan,compressor.This placed out side the room.diameter tubes.therefore,small hole rquired in wall of installation of split air condition.The split air conditioning units are available in capacity range of 1 to 3 tons.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Systems Training Session on Energy Equipment Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Systems THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Refrigeration & AC Thank you for your attention!