Axial Skeleton:

Skeleton Axial Skeleton: Appendicular Skeleton Skull, ribs, spine (including sacrum and coccyx) Appendicular Skeleton Upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

8 Present at Birth 8 Present at Birth

Lordosis Kyphosis Lordosis Pelvic Kyphotic Curve 9

Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C1) Figure 7.17a

Atlas and Axis Atlas (C1) supports the skull Axis (C2) concave superior articular facet nod your head in “yes” movement ring surrounding large vertebral foramen anterior & posterior arch Axis (C2) dens or odontoid process is held in place inside the vertebral foramen of the atlas by ligaments allows rotation of head -- “no”

Cervical Vertebrae Table 7.2

The Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar

General Structure of Vertebrae (Both Sides) (Both Sides) (Both Sides) (Both Sides) Figure 7.15

Vertebral Column: Intervertebral Discs Figure 7.14b

Damage to the Intervertebral Discs

Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.17b

Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.17c

Sacrum and Coccyx: Anterior View Figure 7.18a

True and False Ribs True ribs (1 to 7) attach to sternum with costal (hyaline) cartilage False ribs (8-12) 11-12 are floating and not attached to sternum 12 pairs of ribs in both sexes

Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) * * * * * * * Figure 7.19a

Rib Structure Flat blade called a shaft inferior margin has costal groove for nerves & vessels Proximal head & tubercle are connected by neck Articulation head with body of vertebrae tubercle with transverse process Tubercle Head

Appendicular Skeleton Upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles) * * Humerus g * Figure 7.22a

Clavicles (Collarbones) Figure 7.22b, c

* * *

* Radial Fossa * * * * *

* * * * * * *

Hand 3 Distal 3 Proximal

Distal Middle Proximal 6 6 6 6 Distal 6 Proximal 1 4 5 1 2 2 Distal Middle Proximal 6 6 6 3 3 4 5