The Freedom Riders Presentation by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Source: American Greats, edited by R. Wilson and S. Marcus. Images as cited.

The Freedom Riders challenged segregation in interstate bus terminals across the South in the summer of 1961. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

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Something was not right that morning of May 20, 1961 Something was not right that morning of May 20, 1961. John Lewis sensed it the moment he led the Freedom Riders into the Montgomery bus station. http://www.tvland.com/photogallery/photos/Freedom-Riders.jpg

The terminal was deserted, save for a pack of reporters and a few figures loitering in the shadows. There was no police presence at all. http://www.life.com/Life/blackhistory/links.html

Lewis’s intuition was accurate, just a little slow Lewis’s intuition was accurate, just a little slow. He and his colleagues were ambushed by a dozen white men armed with bats, bottles, and lengths of pipe. http://www.prometheus6.org/files/freedomriders1.jpg

Even the reporters were brutally beaten Even the reporters were brutally beaten. John Seigenthaler, a Nashville newspaper editor working as a special observer for Robert F. Kennedy and the Justice Department, was clubbed unconscious. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

John Lewis, a seminary student and future Georgia congressman, was knocked unconscious. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/lew0-005

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/lew0-005

Jim Zwerg, a white student from another country, was held down while his teeth were methodically knocked out with his own suitcase. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

Six days earlier, outside Anniston, Alabama, a bus had been chased down by fifty cars and firebombed and its passengers barley escaped with their lives. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

Inside the city limits, white Anniston thugs swarmed aboard still another Freedom Rider bus, beating Riders mercilessly. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

Nor did the terror end there Nor did the terror end there. The demonstrators who escaped the buses were often arrested and imprisoned. Others were denied first-aid at local hospitals. http://breachofpeace.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/mugrow1.jpg

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On February 1, 1961, four students at all-black North Carolina A&T, in Greensboro, sat on stools at a Woolworth’s segregated lunch counter. http://www.hist.umn.edu/~sargent/1308/out%20week%2013_04.htm

http://www.life.com/Life/blackhistory/links.html

In Nashville, a group of idealistic, religious, and determined individuals, led a months-long protest that brought down the city’s public segregation laws. http://www.life.com/Life/blackhistory/links.html

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The protestors were the backbone of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). http://www.us.oup.com/us/images/emails/core_pin.jpg

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They decided to make a living test in the Deep South, of whether the Supreme Court’s repeated decisions against segregated federal facilities, were worth the paper they were written on. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

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Busloads of students put themselves on the line, enduring beatings, prison terms, and humiliations, until the Kennedy administration, and finally much of the public, awakened and came to their aid. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

Theirs was the first, mass, youth-led revolt of the 1960s Theirs was the first, mass, youth-led revolt of the 1960s. And though their movement would experience set-backs, the Freedom Riders stayed in the saddle. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm

- Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg “We will continue our journey one way or another….We are prepared to die,” - Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg http://www.flickr.com/photos/deedeeq5724/1308144263/