1. Chapter 18

2. John F. Kennedy Elected president 1960
“New Frontier” – mind, will and spirit of man
US prosperity not reaching poor
First Catholic president, youngest elected
Weakness in Southern support
Supported Civil Rights movement
Strong anti-communist

3. CORE: Congress of Racial Equality dedicated to non-violent protest, strong effect on civil rights in years ahead
Thurgood Marshall: Once denied admission to U of Maryland because of race, attacked “separate but equal”

4. Little Rock Nine
9 African-American students assigned to Little Rock’s Central HS in Arkansas to integrate. Caused uproar and National Guard had to escort them to school

5. Montgomery Bus Boycott
African-American riders of public bus system in Alabama 1955 led by Martin Luther King, Jr. after Rosa Parks was arrested

6. SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference organized protest activities across south. Open to all faiths and races
Massive Resistance: policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954.
(questions)

7. SNCC- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee formed by sit-in leaders to conduct other non-violent protests

8. Freedom Riders
Members of CORE. Group on a bus through South each stop African-Americans would go into white-only waiting rooms and try to use facilities. May 16, 1961 volunteer bus swarmed in Alabama. Firebombed and beat riders. No police help

9. Civil Rights Act of Kennedy ended segregation in public accommodations (hotel, restaurants, theaters) outlawed voting requirements, discrimination in employment
George Wallace- Gov. of Alabama June 1963 physically blocked black students from enrolling in University of Alabama
(questions)

10. 24th Amendment- August 1962, banned states from taxing citizens to vote for president and congressional seats (popular in South)
Voter Education Project (VEP)- Registered Southern African-Americans to vote. Marchers for registration were attacked and faced strong opposition, routinely beaten and jailed. Success by 1964, VEP registered more than a ½ million

11. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party