Civil Rights Mvt.

Vocabulary Integration- to make different groups or races equals in society Segregation- separation of people of different races Civil Disobedience- nonviolent protest against unjust laws Poll Taxes-required black voters to pay a fee each time they voted (south) Literacy Tests- black voters had to be able to read and write to vote (south) Both Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests were example of laws make in South as a result of reconstruction

Vocab. Cont. Affirmative Action- provides equal opportunities for minorities Jim Crow Laws-Southern state laws that separated blacks and whites in public places Result of reconstruction Reconstruction –rebuilding of the south after the Civil War Amendment- Changes to the Constitution 13th Amendment- Banned Slavery 14th Amendment- Gave citizenship to all people born in the US 15th Amendment- Gave black Americans the right to vote

Civil Rights Events March on Washington – led by MLKJ, Gave “I Have A Dream Speech” Montgomery Bus Boycott- Linked with R. Parks MLKJ emerged as a major CR leader Focused national attention on struggle for CR in South Proved Civil Disobedience (non-violent) was a way to win rights First legal success in Civil Rights Mvt Taught power of non violent protest Little Rock, Arkansas- President Eisenhower sends troops to enforce the decision to desegregate public schools- Commander in Chief 9 students integrated Little Rock Central High

Goals of Civil Rights Mvt. End Racial Segregation Help from NAACP- organization that worked to end segregation through the legal system

Supreme Court Cases Plessy V. Ferguson- 1896 Allowed segregation as long as separate facilities were equal Led to the start of racially segregated facilities Continued racial segregation Brown Vs. Board of Education- 1954 Determined that “separate but equal” violated the 14th Amendment Declared unconstitutional Required integration of public schools

Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act 1964- protected the rights of all citizens to vote, outlaws discrimination in public places End discrimination based on race or sex Voting Rights Act 1965- allowed federal officials to register voters in states where local officials practiced discrimination Result of African Americans Goal of legislation was to remove racial barriers to voting

Leaders of the Civil Rights Mvt Martin Luther King Jr.- Emerged as leader during Montgomery Bus Boycott Believed in Civil Disobedience (sit ins, boycotts, marches, speeches) Led March on Washington- Gave “I Have a Dream Speech” Rosa Parks- Connected to Montgomery Bus Boycott Arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”

Jackie Robinson- First African American to play major league baseball Practiced Civil Disobedience

“We will meet your physical force with soul force “We will meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will and we will still love you…Bomb our homes and threaten our homes and threaten our children, and , as difficult as it is, we will still love you….” “Adapting nonviolent resistance to conditions in the United States, we swept into Southern streets to demand our citizenship and manhood. For the South, with its complex system of brutal segregation, we were inaugurating a rebellion. Merely to march in public streets was to rock the status quo to its roots. Boycotting buses in Montgomery; demonstrating in Birmingham, the citadel of segregation; and defying guns, dogs, and clubs in Selma, while maintaining disciplined nonviolence, totally confused the rulers of the South. If they let us march, they admitted their lie that the black man was content. If they shot us down, they told the world they were inhuman brutes.”   SOURCE: The Words of Martin Luther King, Jr.

“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” -Brown v. Board of Education “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”   Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954

“They were counting on the racists of the South to create a crisis, so the Federal government would be compelled to enforce federal law.” James Farmer, CORE “Even though he was talking to a crowd, he made it sound like he was talking directly to you.” Robert Avery (aged 15), March on Washington 1963