Chapter 13 Section 1 Notes Marching Toward War

Rising Tensions in Europe Europe coming off roughly 30 yrs. of peace Growing sense of nationalism will add to list of causes Will lead to competition in all aspects(trade, imperialism, treaties, * military) Europe's list of great powers in the 20th century: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, France, and Italy

Imperialism will be another driving factor towards war Constant competition for colonies will lead to multiple skirmishes that will add up over time and resentment will manifest Rise of the arms race(larger military = stronger nation) By 1914 all these listed nations had an extremely powerful military AND had the ability to quickly mobilize

Physical plans for attack and mobilization will be drawn up in each country Militarism- the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war The larger the army the more patriotic citizens felt

Tangled Alliances This competition and hatred over rivalries will lead to alliances between the great powers Was designed to keep the peace but will actually be one of the driving forces towards war Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck will use war to unify Germany Believes that France is a threat to his nation

Felt the French were still bitter ovber the Franco-Prussian War and that they wanted revenge His 1st goal was to isolate France In 1879 Bismarck will form the duel alliance between Germany and Austria Hungary 3 years later Italy will join which creates the Triple Alliance In 1881 Bismarck will also make a treaty with Russia

Then in 1890 Kaiser Wilhelm II will force Bismarck to resign He believed that power should be shared with no one. Was eager to show off German military strength Will let Germany’s treaty with Russia fail and in response Russia will form an alliance with France War with one will immediately cause war with the other causing a war on 2 fronts

Wilhelm II will begin to build a new navy that could match the Royal British Navy In doing this it will cause Great Britain to create an alliance with France In 1907 Britain made another entente (informal alliance) with Russia These 3 will be known as the Triple Entente This did not mean Great Britain would fight in a war for France and Russia but it did mean Britain would not fight against them

Crisis in the Balkans By the 1900’s the Ottoman Empire was very weak. Multiple groups will split off from the Empire and establish their own countries (Greece, Romania, Serbia) Each new country felt the pride of nationalism and wanted to extend its borders. In the case of Serbia, Russia had supported them due to the fact that they both were Slavic and that Serbia wanted to create a purely Slavic state

This will anger Austria Hungary because they felt that efforts to recreate a Slavic state would encourage its own Slavic population to rebel In response in 1908 Austria-Hungary will annex(take over) Bosnia & Herzegovina which had large Slavic populations Serbia planned to do this, became outraged! Tension will build over the next few years and each country vowed to destroy any efforts the other would make at claiming these 2 lands.

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe Archduke Franz Ferdinand next in line for Austro-Hungarian throne On June 28, 1914 He and his wife visit Sarajavo, the capital of Bosnia They will both be shot at point blank range as they rope through the streets in an open car Killer was Gavrilo Princip a 19 Serbian member of the Black Hand(secret society committed to ending Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia)

Because the assassin was Serbian it gave Austria an excuse to punish Serbia On July 23 Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum knowing that if they did not accept it, it would lead to war. Serbia would agree to most of these demands Austria then rejected the offer to comply by Serbia and on July 28 will declare war on Serbia

That same day Russia jumped in and mobilized their troops along the Austrian border Many foreign nations urged Russia and Austria-Hungary to negotiate but the damage had been done and therefore a world wide war like no other will begin in that moment