English 1 Phsycology 1PA

modal may & use of because

Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. Permission MAY I COULD I May I (please) borrow your pen? (b) Could I borrow your pen (please)? Used to request permission. They are equally polite. Might is used less frequently but is also possible. CAN I Can I borrow your pen? Used informally to request permission TYPICAL RESPONSES: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. Sure. (informal)

Indicating past possibilty Why is the road wet? It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure.

(+) degrees of certainty: present Why isn’t John in class? 100 % sure: He is sick. 95 % sure: He must be sick. Less than 50 % sure: He may be sick. He might be sick. He could be sick.

(-) degrees of certainty: present Is Sam hungry? 100 % sure: Sam isn’t hungry. 99 % sure: Sam can’t be hungry. Sam couldn’t be hungry. 95 % sure: Sam must not be hungry. Less than 50 % sure: Sam may not be hungry. Sam might not be hungry.

degrees of certainty: future Will Kay do well on the test? 100 % sure: Kay will do well on the test. 90 % sure: She should do well on the test. She ought to do well on the test. Less than 50 % sure: She may do well on the test. She might do well on the test. She could do well on the test.

Subordinating Connectors because, because of Adverb clause Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. Subject + verb noun

Excercise (My parents are generous). Because of___________________, the children in our family have received the best of everything. (The traffic was heavy). We were late to the meeting due to_______________. (Bill’s wife’s illness). Bill has to do all the housework because _______________.

passive voice, passive modals

Forming the passive Form of the passive: be + past participle (v3) Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. Example: S V O ACTIVE: Mary helped the boy. S V O PASSIVE: The boy was helped by Mary. S V ACTIVE: An accident happened. PASSIVE: (none)

Using the passive S V ACTIVE : ? Someone grow rice in India ADV (PLACE) S V PASSIVE: Rice is grown in India ACTIVE : ? Someone grow rice in India Usually the passive is used without the “by phrase” when it is not known or not important to know who exactly perform the action.

Examples GRAMMAR ACTIVE PASSIVE Simple present Present progressive Present perfect Simple past Past progressive Past perfect Simple future Be going to Future perfect Mary helps John. Mary is helping John. Mary has helped John. Mary helped John. Mary was helping John. Mary had helped John. Mary will help John. Mary is going to help John. Mary will have helped John. John is helped by Mary John is being helped by Mary John has been helped by Mary John was helped by Mary John was being helped by Mary John had been helped by Mary John will be helped by Mary John is going to be helped by Mary John will have been helped by Mary The progressive form of the present perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect are rarely used in passive

Exercise Change the form A P or P  A Tom opens the door. Shakespeare wrote that play. The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher. When did someone invent the radio? Shirley has suggested a new idea. Bill will invite Ann to the party. Costumers are served by waitresses and waiters. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course? I won’t be fooled by his tricks. It rained hard yesterday.

Indirect objects as passive subjects Active: Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award. Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee. Passive: Mrs. Lee was given an award. An award was given to Mrs. Lee. Either I.O. or D.O. may become the subject of the passive voice. When the D.O. become the subject, to is usually used in front of the I.O.

Small exercise Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.

Answer Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant. A menu was handed to Ann at the restaurant. A bill will be sent to you at the end of the month. You will be sent a bill at the end of the month.

negative sentences

Negative Agreement Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either either + positive auxiliary + subject e.g. I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning. - I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either - I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John

e.g. I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary - I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either - I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the movie yet. - she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either - she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have I Exercise Fill the blanks with the correct form of too, so, either and neither 1. They will leave at noon, and I will _____ 2. He has an early appointment, and _____ have I 3. The children shouldn’t take that medicine , and ______ should she

Negation Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, etc

Negation negative adverb Never, Rarely, Seldom Hardly, Barely, scarcely (ever) Example: I never go there. I have barely ever gone there.

Beginning a sentence with a negative word. Never will I do that again. Rarely have I eaten better food. Hardly ever does he come to class on time. When a negative word begin a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted.

Commands (in imperative sentence) Negative commands Negative Indirect Commands

Commands Commands Negative commands Shut the door. Be on time. Don’t shut the door. Never be late. Don’t (you) ever open that box!

Commands Negative commands Negative Indirect Commands Don’t (you) ever open that box! Negative Indirect Commands She told me to never open that box. She instruct me to not open that box.

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