Unit 2: Migration

Migration A type of mobility Emigration – from a location Migration is a permanent move to a new location Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration – from a location Immigration – to a new location

Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals Families with children = less common

Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female Family status In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) Political factors Environmental factors

Refugees: Sources and Destinations Figure 3-2

Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

Questions 1. Describe what the most common long distance migrant is like. 2. Give an example of a push factor for the United States. Give an example of a pull factor for the United States.

Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration Internal migration Two types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another Intraregional migration = movement within a region

Internal Migration Internal Migration Within one country. Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries. Movements between states or provinces. Little government control. Factors: Employment-based. Retirement-based. Education-based. Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Interregional Migrations Movement from one region of a country to another U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Changes in Manufacturing Employment, 1968-1991.

U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990)

Intraregional Migrations in U.S. Movement within one region U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs Developed Countries: automobiles and roads ‘American Dream’ better services idyllic settings cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Intra-Regional Migration Population Change in Boston Area, 1970 - 1998 Chloropleth Map

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Mexico City, Mexico Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration between regions of a country U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) California Gold Rush in the 1840s Great Plains settlement Recent growth of the South

U.S. Interregional Migration Figure 3-17

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2011/migration.htm Interactive Map of Intraregional migration U.S.l http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/16/upshot/mapping-migration-in-the-united-states-since-1900.html?smid=tw-upshotnyt&_r=1&abt=0002&abg=0 Interactive map showing migration in the U.S.

Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration International migration Two types: Voluntary Forced Migration transition International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

International Migration Voluntary migration The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary. Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process. Slavery. About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867. In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Situations of divorce or separation. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Voluntary African-American Migrations Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

Forced Migration The Trail of Tears, 1838

Forced Migration

Global Migration Patterns Figure 3-5

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws The Quota Act (1921) The National Origins Act (1924) Temporary migration for work Guest workers Time-contract workers

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees Emigrants from Cuba Emigrants from Haiti Emigrants from Vietnam

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Cultural problems faced while living in host countries U.S. attitudes towards immigrants Attitudes toward guest workers

Questions 3. What is the difference between an economic migrant and a refugee?

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population

Net Migration by Country Figure 3-7

Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Recent immigration from LDCs

Migration to the United States Figure 3-8

Migration to the United States from Latin America Figure 3-9

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out 65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants Chain migration-migration to a specific location because family already migrated there

Questions 5. Most migrants to the United States during the peak of the 1840s and 1850s came from which part of Europe? 6. What was the primary reason why Europeans migrated to the United States?

Migration in Europe Figure 3-20

Questions 7. In the United States, why is there a current migration trend to the South?