The Scientific Revolution

The Roots of Modern Science Pre-1500s, people looked to the ancient Greek or Roman authors or the Bible for answers Few European scholars questioned their answers

The Medieval View People believed that the earth was an unmoving object at the center of the universe This idea is called geo-centric view Geo= earth centric=center

The Geocentric View of the universe

The Medieval View Supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy Bible said God deliberately placed the earth in the center of the universe

Scientific Revolution A New Way of Thinking Mid 1500s, European scholars published work that challenged the old ideas This era is called the Scientific Revolution Ideas are based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Middle Ages Scholars translated works by Muslim scholars Medieval universities added courses in astronomy, physics, and mathematics

Renaissance Scholars uncovered many classical (Greek and Roman) manuscripts European explorers traveled to Africa, Asia, and the Americas Opened the Europeans ideas that there could be new truths to be found Invention of the printing press helped spread challenging ideas

Nicholaus Copernicus Studies the old Greek belief that the sun was the center of the universe Heliocentric helio= sun centric= centered Observed the planets for 25 years and proved the planets and stars revolve around the sun

Created a foundation for other work Still did not completely explain why this worked the planets orbited the way they did Feared ridicule from the clergy, or church Published his findings in 1543 (last year of his life) in the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies Created a foundation for other work

Johannes Kepler Followed Copernicus Founded mathematical laws that govern planetary motion Planets orbit the sun in elliptical patterns

Galileo Galilei A Pendulum swings at a constant rate Falling objects fall at a fixed and predictable rate Built a telescope Observed that Jupiter has four moons, and the Sun has dark spots

Conflict with the Church Galileo’s findings went against the church’s teachings: Upsetting both Catholic and Protestant leaders If people began to challenge church authority, other ideas would be questioned also Galileo was forced to say his confession Lived under house arrest for the remainder of his life

Complete the Interact with History on the back of your notes Turn to page 544 Complete the Interact with History on the back of your notes

Francis Bacon Believed that scientists should experiment Developed the Scientific Method Lead people to a better understanding of the natural world

Isaac Newton Brought together all ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Law of Universal Gravitation Three Laws of Motion

Other Scientists Robert Boyle Joseph Priestly Antoine Lavoissier Andreas Vesalius First to dissect the human body Zacharias Janssen Invented the first microscope Evangelista Torricelli Developed the mercury barometer Gabriel Farhrenheit Made the first thermometer Anders Celsius Another thermometer Robert Boyle Founded modern Chemistry Joseph Priestly Discovered oxygen Antoine Lavoissier Law of conservation of matter- matter cannot be destroyed, only change its form Edward Jenner Used cowpox to produce the world’s first vaccination

Speaker box: On the back of your notes answer the following questions in complete sentences. “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton Who were the giants Newton was referring to? Could this be said of any scientific accomplishment?