1. Unit 7: Scientific Contributions (SSWH13a)

2. SSWH13: The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view

3. Remember: 1300-1600: many changes took place in Europe (Renaissance)
Before 1500, scholars based information on ancient Greek or Roman authors or the Bible
Invention of the printing press (Gutenberg)
Questions about religion, science, government

4. Scientific Revolution
Scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, mid-1500s
New way of thinking about the natural world
Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

5. Important Change makers:
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
Kepler
Galileo Galilei built his own telescope
Isaac Newton
1543
1601
1609
1687
The sun is actually the center of the universe
Used mathematical formulas to show that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
Studied heavens, writing totally new description, supporting Copernicus
Publishes law of gravity

6. Copernicus NO! YES! Copernicus: 1543 On the Revolutions
of the Heavenly Bodies
NO!
Geocentric Theory: the Earth is the center of the universe
YES!
Heliocentric Theory: the sun
is the center of the
universe

7. Kepler Continued the work of Brahe (who had studied Copernicus)
Mathematical laws govern planetary motion
Elliptical orbits instead of circles
Showed that Copernicus’ basic ideas were true

8. Galileo Gallei Supported Copernicus’s theories
Built his telescope 1609
1610 published Starry Messenger
Frightened religious leaders
1632 published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1633: forced by Catholic Church to read a confession
Spent the rest of his life under house arrest
Supported Copernicus’s theories

9. Isaac Newton
Helped to bring together the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion
Law of Universal Gravitation
1687 published The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy
one of the most important
scientific books ever written
God was the creator of this orderly
universe

10. Newton continued
Newton developed Three Laws of Motion and used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. He showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

11. Conclusion Begins with a problem or question arising from observation
The revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method.
Begins with a problem or question arising from observation
Hypothesis
Test in an experiment or on the basis of data
Analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion

12. Questions & Answers 3 Results of the Scientific Revolution were:
Scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, mid-1500s
New way of thinking about the natural world
Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

13. On the back…..
Divide into four parts
Title each section:
Geocentric Theory
Heliocentric Theory
Elliptical Orbit
Cause  Effect
In each box – illustrate each item (except for the last one of course – write that out)

14. Matching Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton Built his own telescope
Scientist
Accomplishment
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Newton
Built his own telescope
Theory of Gravity
Heliocentric Theory
Elliptical orbits for planets
Laws of Motion
Starry Messenger
The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy