Temporal associational cortex Domina Petric, MD

Temporal associational cortex Recieves inputs from visual and auditory cortex: recognition of visual and auditory stimuli. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Inferior temporal lobe Ventral object (WHAT) recognition visual pathway! Fusiform gyrus region is associated with recognition of human face. Damage to visual recognition centers in the inferior temporal lobe leads to AGNOSIAS. PROSOPAGNOSIA is the inability to recognise human face. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Inferior temporal lobe https://upload.wikimedia.org https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

What and where visual pathways Pinterest.com https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Memory function of temporal associational cortex II. Memory function of temporal associational cortex https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Categories of human memory Declarative (available to consciousness) Daily episodes Words and their meanings History Nondeclarative (not available to consciousness) Motor skills Associations Puzzle-solving skills Priming cues https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Categories of human memory Forgetting Long-term memory (days-years) Working memory (seconds-minutes) Immediate memory (fraction of seconds) https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Parahippocampal gyrus It is important for the capacity to consolidate the moment and built long-term memory. Hippocampus is critical brain structure for the acquisition of declarative memory. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Parahippocampal gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Hippocampus https://inside-the-brain.com https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Medial temporal lobe memory system PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS HIPPOCAMPUS The hippocampus is forming the floor and medial wall of the lateral ventricle. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Hippocampus Hippocampus is the simplest of all cortical structures (archicortex). Its function is consolidating declarative memory. Hippocampus recieves inputs from the parahippocampal gyrus. First to recieve inputs are neurons of DENTATE GYRUS. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Dentate gyrus and hippocampus https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Medial temporal lobe memory system Parahippocampal gyral formation has extensive interconnections with other associational cortices. Those interconnections are critical for the storage and the recall of the informations. Lesions in the medial temporal lobe cause AMNESIA (pathological forgetting). Amnesia can be anterograde or retrograde. If there is damage to the hippocampus, there will be anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Declarative and procedural memory systems Acquisition and storage of declarative informations Acquisition and storage of nondeclarative informations Long term storage: Wernike´s area for the meaning of words, temporal cortex for the memories of objects and faces... Long term storage: cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex and other sites related to motor behavior Short-term memory storage: hippocampus and related structures Short-term memory storage: unknown sites widespread through the brain https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Alzheimer´s disease Neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the cerebral cortex, especially the medial temporal lobe and parietal associational cortex. Senile plaque is an extracellular accumulation of proteins. Neurofibrillary tangle is an intracellular inclusion that is present in neurons affected with neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer´s disease in particular). Patients with Alzheimer´s disease tend to have difficulties with creating new memories, but they do not have a problem with childhood memories (at least in the first stage of disease). https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Temporal lobe and language III. Temporal lobe and language https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Wernicke´s and Broca´s area Wernicke´s area is located in the posterior one third of superior temporal gyrus and it is a network of more widely spread neuronal centers that are critical for recognition and interpretation of language. Broca´s area is involved in production of speech and again it is not one single area, but rather a network of more widely spread neuronal centers that are critical for speech production. Broca´s area is located in the posterior one third of the inferior frontal gyrus. Broca´s area is involved in vocal articulation and production of written language. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Aphasia Broca´s aphasia Wernike´s aphasia halting speech tendency to repeat phrases or words (perseveration) disordered syntax disordered grammar disordered structure of individual words comprenhension intact fluent speech little spontaneous repetition syntax adequate grammar adequate contrived or innapropriate words comprenhension not intact https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Aphasia Wernike´s and Broca´s neural networks are interconnected with white matter structures. Damage of those white matter pathways would produce combined aphasia. Global aphasia is associated with a stroke involving the entire middle cerebral arterty distribution (both Wernicke´s and Broca´s neural networks). https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Functional language neural networks Broca´s and Werkicke´s neural networks are lateralised to the left hemisphere in the vast majority of people. Functional language neural networks are localised in the left hemisphere for all right handed people and in 80% of left handed people. Functional language neural networks are localised in the right hemisphere for 20% of left handed people. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Non-dominant hemisphere There are language neural networks also in non-dominant hemisphere, but the organisation is different. Left planum temporale is usually bigger than the right planum temporale. Right Wernicke´s neural network is associated with recognition and interpretation of emotional component of speech. Right Broca´s neural network is important for imbuing speech with emotion. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Women vs. men Women tend to have less lateralisation of language neural networks then the men do. https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

Literature https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical- neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University https://upload.wikimedia.org Pinterest.com https://inside-the-brain.com https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical-neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University