1. PHYSIOLOGY OF SPEECH
Taha Sadig Ahmed

3. MAIN SENSORY AREAS OF THE CORTEX
the somatic sensory area is located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus
visual sensations are received in the visual area in the posterior lobe
auditory sensations are received in the temporal lobe close to the lateral sulcus
olfactory sensations are received deep inside the temporal lobe
olfactory

4. Brain Areas Concerned with Language
Wernick’s Area ( understanding (comprehension ) of speech
Broca’a Area ( motor area of speech , production of words )
Speech articulation Area  in Insula
Motor Cortex ( controls muscles of speech production )
Angular Gyrus ( Brodmann area 39 )  a region of the brain in the Parietal Lobe , that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, number processing and spatial cognition, memory retrieval, attention and . It is Brodmann area 39 of the human brain.

5. DAMAGE TO THIS AREA CAUSES INABILITY TO SAY WORDS PROPERLY
( word formation area ) LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS, IN THE LEFT HEMISPHERE
BROCA'S AREA
DAMAGE TO THIS AREA CAUSES INABILITY TO SAY WORDS PROPERLY

6. AREAS INVOLVED IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE RECOGNITION
Werncke’s Area comprehension of words
located at the junction of the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes in one of the two hemispheres

7. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN
SPEECH PRODUCTION

8. 3. Lat Genigulate Nucleus
6. Arcuate Fasciculus
7. Broca’s Area
1. Prim Visual Cortex (17)
8. Fascial Area of
Motor Cortex
5. Wernick’s Area (22)
4. Angular Gyrus (39)
2. High Order Visual
Cortical Area (18)
3. Lat Genigulate Nucleus

9. Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write. Aphasia is always due to injury to the brain most commonly from a stroke, particularly in older individuals. But brain injuries resulting in aphasia may also arise from head trauma, from brain tumors, or from infections.

10. APHASIA
APHASIA IS LOSS OF OR DEFECTIVE LANGUAGE FROM DAMAGE TO THE SPEECH CENTRES WITHIN THE LEFT ( Dominant , Categorical ) HEMISPHERE.

11. DYSARTHRIA
DYSARTHRIA SIMPLY MEANS DISORDERED ARTICULATION - SLURRED SPEECH. LANGUAGE IS INTACT, CF. APHASIA.

12. WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO SPEECH AREAS
APHASIA
EXPRESSIVE
RECEPTIVE
NON FLUENT
BROCA'S AREA
WERNICK’S AREA CONDUCTION APHASIA
FLUENT
ANOMIC
ANGULAR GYRUS
WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO SPEECH AREAS
GLOBAL

13. BROCA'S APHASIA
(EXPRESSIVE APHASIA)
Damage in the left frontal lobe causes reduced speech fluency تدفق و انسياب الكلام with comprehension preserved.
The patient makes great efforts to initiate language, which becomes reduced to a few disjointed words. There is failure to construct sentences.
Patients who recover from this form of aphasia say they knew what they wanted to say, but 'could not get the words out'.

14. (RECEPTIVE APHASIA, POSTERIOR APHASIA)
WERNICKE'S APHASIA
(RECEPTIVE APHASIA, POSTERIOR APHASIA)
Left temporo-parietal damage leaves language that is fluent فصيح بمعني أن الكلام متدفق و منساب و غير متفطع و لكنه هراء but the words themselves are incorrect. This varies from insertion of a few incorrect or nonexistent words into fluent speech to a profuse outpouring of jargon (that is, rubbish with wholly nonexistent words). Severe jargon aphasia may be bizarre - and confused with psychotic behaviour.
Patients who have recovered from Wernicke's aphasia say that when aphasic they found speech, both their own and others', like a wholly unintelligible foreign language. They could neither stop themselves, nor understand themselves and others.

15. (ANOMIC APHASIA OR AMNESTIC APHASIA)
NOMINAL APHASIA
(ANOMIC APHASIA OR AMNESTIC APHASIA)
This means difficulty naming familiar objects مشكلة و عجز في تسمية الأشياء المعتادة. Naming difficulty is an early sign in all types of aphasia.
Due to a lesion in the left posterior temporal/inferior parietal lesion causes a severe, isolated form.

16. GLOBAL APHASIA
(CENTRAL APHASIA)
This means the combination of the expressive problems of Broca's aphasia and the loss of comprehension of Wernicke's. The patient can neither speak nor understand language.
It is due to widespread damage to speech areas and is the commonest aphasia after a severe left hemisphere infarct. Writing and reading are also affected.

17. DYSARTHRIA Slurred speech. Language is intact, cf. aphasia.
DISORDERED ARTICULATIONمشكلة في النطق
Slurred speech.
Language is intact, cf. aphasia.
Paralysis, slowing or incoordination of muscles of articulation or local discomfort causes various different patterns of dysarthria.
Examples
'gravelly' speech of upper motor neurone lesions of lower cranial nerves,
jerky, ataxic speech of cerebellar lesions (Scannimg Speech),
the monotone of Parkinson's disease (Slurred),
speech in myasthenia that fatigues and dies away.