1. Central visual processing
Domina Petric, MD

2. Introduction
The ganglion cell axons from the nasal retina go via the medial part of the optic nerve and cross the midline to project in contralateral targets in diencephalon and midbrain.
The ganglion cell axons from the temporal retina go via the lateral part of the optic nerve and remain on the ipsilateral side of the brain.
Lateral geniculate nucleus is a target where ganglion cell axons synapse and from there rise the optic radiations.
Optic radiations go around the lateral ventricle to supply upper and lower parts of the calcarine sulcus where is the primary visual cortex.

3. The ganglion cell axons from the nasal retina
cross the midline in optic chiasm.
The ganglion cell
axons from the
temporal retina
stay ipsilateral.
From the other eye...
Optic chiasm
Synapse in ipsilateral
lateral geniculate nucleus.
Synapse in contralateral
lateral geniculate nucleus.

4. Lateral geniculate nucleus
Optic radiations

5. Primary visual cortex (V1)
Stria of Gennari: area 17 or the striate cortex.
Orientation selectivity of receptive field in V1 is preferred response to a bar of a particular orientation.
Direction selectivity of receptive field in V1 is preferred response to a bar of a particular direction of motion.

6. Stria Gennari

7. Receptive fields in visual cortex
Receptive fields in retina and thalamus
Receptive fields in visual cortex
And so on...

8. Ocular dominance in V1 cortex
Two inner layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus: layer one recieves inputs from the contralateral eye and layer two from the ipsilateral eye.
Four outer layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus: layers 4 and 6 are recieving inputs from the contralateral eye and layers 3 and 5 from the ipsilateral eye.
Ocular dominance layers: information from both eyes is mixed first time in the V1 (striate) cortex.

9. Lateral geniculate nucleus
Contralateral eye inputs
Inner layer 1
Outer layers 4 and 6
Ipsilateral eye inputs
Inner layer 2
Inner layers 3 and 5

10. Stereopsis
Fixation point is going to be projected on the non corresponding areas of the retinas.
That is the mechanism of depth perception: near and far disparities that project to the visual cortex.

11. Types of retinal ganglion cells:
Parallel pathways
P ganglion cell (the smallest)
M ganglion cell (the largest)
K ganglion cell (medium size)
Types of retinal ganglion cells:

12. Parallel pathways
Axonal projections from small P ganglion cells terminate among small cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus: the parvocellular layers (layers 3 to 6 ).
Axonal projections from large M ganglion cells terminate in the first two layers of lateral geniculate nucleus (magnocellular layers).
Axonal projections from K ganglion cells terminate in a zone between the layers: koniocellular layers.

13. Parallel pathways
Axons from parvocellular layers synapse into the bottom part of layer 4 in the visual cortex (4Cβ).
Axons from magnocellular layers synapse into the layer 4C.
Axons from koniocellular layers synapse into the layer 3, in the zones rich with oxidative metabolism.
Parvocellular layers are concerned with shape and color, magnocellular layers with broad patterns of motion.

14. Layer 6
Parvocellular layers project
to layer C4β of the visual cortex
and those cells and axons
are concerned with shape
and color of objects.
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Magnocellular layers project
to layer C4 of the visual cortex
and those cells and
axons are concerned with
motion of objects.
Layer 2
Layer 1
Koniocellular layers synapse in the zones rich
with oxidative metabolism in the layer 3 of the
visual cortex. Their function is unknown.

15. Extrastriate visual cortex
Those are rings of higher order visual areas.
MT plus region is rich of motion sensitive cells (spatial analysis) and it is part of dorsal processing stream.
Dorsal processing stream is concerned with spatial analysis and answers the question WHERE am I looking at?
Dorsal processing stream goes towards the parietal lobe.
Ventral processing stream adresses the question WHAT or WHO am I looking at?
Ventral processing stream goes towards the temporal lobe.

16. http://sciencewise.anu.edu.au Parvocellular pathway is
Magnocellular pathway is
the dorsal processing stream or WHERE pathway.
Parvocellular pathway is
the ventral processing stream or
WHAT (WHO) pathway.

17. Prosopagnosia
Region of posterior occipitotemporal gyrus is called the fusiform gyrus.
Damage of the fusiform gyrus causes the inability to recognise faces and that is called PROSOPAGNOSIA.

18. Literature
ical-neuroscience/lecture: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University