Council of Trent Reforms Counter Reformation Missionary work Ignatius of Loyola Inquisition Establish schools

Impact of the Reformation and Counter Reformation

Religious and Political Divisions The Reformation created a loss of religious unity in W. Europe Some countries became Protestant and others remained Catholic

Religious Conflicts Civil Wars in England, France and German States French religious wars (1562-1598) Huguenots (French Protestants) vs. Catholics

Religious Conflicts Peasant Wars in German States inspired by Protestant challenges to authority Treaty of Augsburg Allowed German Princes to determine the religion of the people of his state

Religious Conflicts Spanish Catholics vs. English Protestants Spanish armada defeated after attempting to invade England

Religious Conflicts Thirty Years War (1618-1648) War that began in German States as a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire Treaty of Westphalia Treaty ending the war Provided religious toleration to Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire

Anti- Semitism Reformation increased anti-Semitism in Europe persecution of Jews in both Catholic and Protestant countries Were forced to live in separate neighborhoods Ghettos

Witch Hunts Strong religious feelings led people to accuse others of being witches Led to deaths of accused people Often were women

Decline of Catholic Church Power Individual monarchs and states gained power as Church power declined Paved the way for the rise of nation-states

Causes Humanism led people to question church authority Some clergy were corrupt and interested in worldly gain Martin Luther posted 95 Theses protesting indulgences The Printing press helped spread Reformation ideas Effects Many new Protestant churches develop Catholic Church began reforms Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increase Religious conflicts spread across Europe

Social Changes Effect on the Renaissance Effect on the Reformation Humanism; Art celebrates individual expression Growing emphasis on individual Individuals interpret the Bible themselves Merchants sponsor artists to beautify cities Growing prosperity of merchants German merchants resent flow of money to Church in Rome Rulers sponsor artists and philosophers Decline of feudalism and growth of power of kings and princes Rulers defy Pope and become Protestant Political, social, and artistic theories spread Printing press and spread of learning Luther’s ideas spread; Bibles printed in vernacular