Learner Differences

Labeling Exceptional Students Cautions: Treatments unpredictable Self-fulfilling prophecy Stigma Labels mistaken for explanations Benefits: Can Protect a Child Eligible for: Special services Information Equipment Funding

Intelligence Capacity to learn Total knowledge acquired Ability to adapt to the environment

What Is Intelligence? Spearman: g (general) Fluid and crystallized intelligence Gardner: Multiple intelligences (8) Sternberg: Triarchic (3)

Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Logical-mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist

Discussion Detour Do you agree that all the mental abilities described by Gardner are different types of intelligence? If not, which would you remove? Are there other types you would add?

Implications for Teachers As a teacher, how would you create a classroom setting that gave attention to the development of different intelligences?

Intelligence as a Process Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Three components Analytic/componential Creative/experiential Practical/contextual

How is Intelligence Measured? Psychometric approach First test by Binet Original purpose

How is Intelligence Measured? Binet & Simon: children’s mental age IQ = Mental Age x 100 ____________________________________________ Chronological Age Group vs. individual IQ tests

What Does an IQ Score Mean? Average score is 100 IQ scores predict achievement well IQ and real life? Heredity or environment?

Are Intelligence Tests Culturally Biased? Language based Knowledge and skills and culturally based Tests school-based knowledge

Ability Differences and Teaching Between-class grouping Within-class grouping Purpose of grouping Effects of grouping

Cognitive and Learning Styles Cognitive styles: Information processing Field dependent/independent Impulsive/reflective Learning styles: Learning & studying Deep- & Surface-Processing Learning Preferences: environment

Gifted & Talented Students Fast learners Common and practical knowledge Easily retain Know many things Strong vocabulary

Gifted & Talented Students Recognize relationships & comprehend meanings Alert and keenly observant Persistent and highly motivated High level of creativity

Giftedness and Formal Testing Individual IQ tests are best Case study approach recommended Include creativity tests Minorities are often under-represented

Teaching Gifted Students Acceleration Enrichment Encourage high level & abstract thinking Outside resource people