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Standardized Test Prep Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Looking at Cells Cell Structure Table of Contents Section 1 Looking at Cells Section 2 Cell Features Section 3 Cell Organelles

Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Objectives Describe how scientists measure the length of objects. Relate magnification and resolution in the use of microscopes. Analyze how light microscopes function. Compare light microscopes with electron microscopes. Describe the scanning tunneling microscope.

Cells Under the Microscope Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Cells Under the Microscope Measuring Cell Structures Measurements taken by scientists are expressed in metric units. The official name of the metric system is the International System of Measurements, abbreviated SI. The table below summarizes the SI units used to measure length.

Cells Under the Microscope, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Cells Under the Microscope, continued Magnification is the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size. Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image. Both high magnification and good resolution are needed to view the details of extremely small objects clearly.

Cells Under the Microscope, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Cells Under the Microscope, continued Electron microscopes have much higher magnifying and resolving powers than light microscopes.

Parts of a Light Microscope Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Parts of a Light Microscope Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Types of Microscopes Section 1 Looking at Cells Types of Microscopes Light microscopes form an image when light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen.

Magnification and Resolution Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Magnification and Resolution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Types of Microscopes, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Types of Microscopes, continued Electron Microscopes Electron microscopes form an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons rather than light. The electron beam and specimen must be in a vacuum so that the electron beam will not bounce off of gas molecules. Live organisms cannot be viewed with an electron microscope.

Types of Microscopes, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Types of Microscopes, continued Transmission Electron Microscope An electron beam is directed at a very thin slice of a specimen stained with metal ions. Some structures become more heavily stained than others. The heavily stained parts absorb electrons, those that are lightly stained allow electrons to pass through. The electrons that pass through strike a fluorescent screen, forming an image.

Types of Microscopes, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Types of Microscopes, continued Scanning Electron Microscope An electron beam is focused on a specimen coated with a very thin layer of metal. The electrons that bounce off the specimen form an image on a fluorescent screen. The image shows three-dimensional details of the surface of a specimen.

Types of Microscopes, continued Chapter 3 Section 1 Looking at Cells Types of Microscopes, continued Scanning Tunneling Microscope A needle-like probe measures differences in voltage caused by electrons that leak, or tunnel, from the surface of the object being viewed. A computer tracks the movement of the probe across the surface of the object. The image shows three-dimensional details of the surface of a specimen. Live specimens and objects as small as atoms can be viewed.

Chapter 3 Types of Microscopes Section 1 Looking at Cells Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Objectives List the three parts of the cell theory. Section 2 Cell Features Objectives List the three parts of the cell theory. Determine why cells must be relatively small. Compare the structure of prokaryotic cells with that of eukaryotic cells. Describe the structure of cell membranes.

Chapter 3 The Cell Theory The Cell Theory has three parts: Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Theory The Cell Theory has three parts: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells arise from existing cells.

Chapter 3 Cell Theory Section 2 Cell Features Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

The Cell Theory, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Theory, continued Cell Size Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. If a cell’s surface area–to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot enter and leave the cell well enough to meet the cell’s needs.

The Cell Theory, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Theory, continued Common Cell Features Cells share common structural features, including: an outer boundary called the cell membrane, interior substance called cytoplasm, structural support called the cytoskeleton, genetic material in the form of DNA cellular structures that make proteins, called ribosomes

Chapter 3 Cytoplasm Section 2 Cell Features Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other internal compartments. They have a cell wall, may have cilia or flagella, and have a single circular molecule of DNA.

Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Structure of Cilia and Flagella Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Structure of Cilia and Flagella Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells have: Section 2 Cell Features Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells have: A nucleus which contains the cell’s DNA Other internal compartments called organelles.

Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Parts of an Animal Cell Section 2 Cell Features Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Eukaryotic Cells, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Eukaryotic Cells, continued The cytoskeleton provides the interior framework of a cell. There are three basic kinds of cytoskeletal fibers. Microfilaments: long slender filaments made of the protein actin Microtubules: hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin. Intermediate fibers: thick ropes made of protein.

Eukaryotic Cells, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Eukaryotic Cells, continued The cytoskeleton’s network of protein fibers anchors the cell’s organelles and other components of the cytoplasm.

Chapter 3 Cytoskeleton Section 2 Cell Features Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 The Cell Membrane Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that determines which substances enter and leave the cell. The selective permeability of the cell is mainly caused by the way phospholipids interact with water. A phospholipid is a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.

The Cell Membrane, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Membrane, continued Cell membranes are made of a double layer of phospholipids, called a bilayer.

The Cell Membrane, continued Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features The Cell Membrane, continued

Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Phospholipid

Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Lipid Bilayer

Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Cell Membrane

Parts of the Cell Membrane Chapter 3 Section 2 Cell Features Parts of the Cell Membrane Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Objectives Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities. Analyze the role of internal membranes in protein production. Summarize the importance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Identify three structure in plant cells that are absent from animal cells.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles The Nucleus The nucleus is an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA. Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope are many small channels called nuclear pores.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles The Nucleus, continued

Chapter 3 The Nucleus, continued Section 3 Cell Organelles The Nucleus, continued Ribosomal proteins and RNA are made in the nucleus. Ribosomes are partially assembled in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Nucleus of a Cell

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are the cellular structures on which proteins are made. The Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER is an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell.

Chapter 3 Ribosomes Section 3 Cell Organelles Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued The part of the ER with attached ribosomes is called the rough ER. The rough ER helps transport proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes. New proteins enter the ER. The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a vesicle. A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells.

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued The ER moves proteins and other substances within eukaryotic cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued Packaging and Distribution of Proteins Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the cytoplasm from the ER to an organelle called the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Golgi Apparatus

Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued

Chapter 3 Lysosome Section 3 Cell Organelles Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Mitochondria Mitochondria are organelles that harvest energy from organic compounds to make ATP. ATP is the main energy currency of cells. Most ATP is made inside the mitochondria.

Mitochondria, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Mitochondria, continued Mitochondria have two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane is greatly folded, and has a large surface area. Mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria reproduce independently of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is similar to the DNA of prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria are thought to be descendents of primitive prokaryotes.

Mitochondria, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Mitochondria, continued Mitochondria have an inner and an outer membrane.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Mitochondrion

Structures of Plant Cells Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Structures of Plant Cells Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells: Cell Wall Chloroplasts Central Vacuole

Chapter 3 Parts of a Plant Cell Section 3 Cell Organelles Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Structures of Plant Cells, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Structures of Plant Cells, continued The cell membrane of plant cells is surrounded by a thick cell wall, composed of proteins and carbohydrates. The cell wall helps support and maintain the shape of the cell protects the cell from damage connects the cell with adjacent cells

Chapter 3 Parts of a Cell Wall Section 3 Cell Organelles Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Structures of Plant Cells, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Structures of Plant Cells, continued Chloroplasts are organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Chloroplasts, along with mitochondria, supply much of the energy needed to power the activities of plant cells. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, have their own DNA and reproduce independently of the plant cell. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are thought to be descendents of ancient prokaryotes.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Chloroplasts

Structures of Plant Cells, continued Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Structures of Plant Cells, continued Central Vacuole: Most of a plant cell’s volume is taken up by a large, membrane-bound space called the central vacuole. The central vacuole stores water and may contain ions, nutrients, and wastes.

Chapter 3 Vacuoles Section 3 Cell Organelles Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Summary of Organelles

Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice Use the figure below and your knowledge of science to answer questions 1–3.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which structures in this cell are also found in prokaryotic cells? A. A and B B. C and D C. E and F D. A and E

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which structures in this cell are also found in prokaryotic cells? A. A and B B. C and D C. E and F D. A and E

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which features of plant cells are missing from this cell? F. cell wall and chloroplasts G. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria H. rough ER and lysosomes J. smooth ER and nucleus

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which features of plant cells are missing from this cell? F. cell wall and chloroplasts G. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria H. rough ER and lysosomes J. smooth ER and nucleus

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the function of the structure labeled A? A. making ATP B. making carbohydrates C. making proteins D. moving proteins through the cell

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the function of the structure labeled A? A. making ATP B. making carbohydrates C. making proteins D. moving proteins through the cell

Metric Units of Length and Equivalents Chapter 3 Metric Units of Length and Equivalents

Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscope Chapter 3 Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscope

Compound Light Microscope Chapter 3 Compound Light Microscope

Surface Area–to-Volume Ratio Chapter 3 Surface Area–to-Volume Ratio

Chapter 3 Prokaryotic Cell

Chapter 3 Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 3 The Cell Membrane

Chapter 3 The Cell Membrane

Processing of Proteins Chapter 3 Processing of Proteins

Chapter 3 Plant Cell

Chapter 3 Organelles