Plant Structure and Function

I. The Vascular Plant Body A. Tissues - 3 types of tissue 1. Dermal tissue – tissue which covers a plant a. A thin layer of epidermis covers non-woody parts b. Several layers of cork cover woody parts 2. Ground tissue – specialized tissue a. photosynthesis in leaves b. support in stems c. storage in roots 3. Vascular tissue – conducts water, minerals and organic compounds a. Xylem - conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves through tubes made of hollow cells b. Phloem – conducts nutrients (sugars/starches) through tubes of living cells.

B. Roots 1. Function a. Anchor – holds plant in place b. Absorption – absorb water and minerals from soil c. Storage – can store carbohydrates 2. Structure a. Have a central core of vascular tissue which is surrounded by ground tissue and epidermal tissue b. Root hairs on root tips increase surface area for absorption 3. Types a. Fibrous - many branching roots (monocots) b. Tap - large central root with small branches (dicots) c. Adventitious – supporting roots

Types of Root Systems Root – Cross-section

C. Stems 1. Function a. Support leaves b. House vascular tissue 2. Types of stems a. Non-woody (herbaceous) – contain bundles of xylem surround by a cylinder of phloem i. moncots have scattered bundles ii. dicots have bundles arranged in a ring b. Woody stems – have an inner core of xylem surrounded by a cylinder of phloem i. Heartwood – wood in the center of a mature stem which no longer conducts water ii. Sapwood – lies outside the heartwood and can conduct water

D. Leaves 1. Function a. Primary photosynthetic organs b. Exchange gases – take in CO2 and release O2 2. Structure a. Ground tissue and vascular tissue surrounded by epidermis b. Mesophyll conducts photosynthesis c. Openings in the epidermis called stomata (plural) exchange gases. d. Guard cells surround the stoma 3. Types a. simple – one blade attached to petiole b. compound – several blades attached to petiole

II. Transport in Plants Movement of Water 1. Transpiration – the loss of water from a plant’s leaves 2. Creates a pull that draws water up through xylem from roots to leaves 3. Guard cells - cells surrounding the stomata a. Control water loss by opening or closing the stomata b. Regulate the rate of transpiration c. Number and structure of stomata depend upon climate

B. Movement of Organic Compounds 1. Source – Part of the plant that provides organic compounds for other parts of the plant 2. Sink – part of the plant that receives the organic compounds. 3. Translocation – the movement of organic compounds within a plant from source to sink

Translocation

III. Reproductive Structures A. Flowers 1. Have 4 types of parts a. Petals – often brightly colored/marked to attract pollinators b. Sepals – protect buds/ attract pollinators c. Stamens – male structures – produce pollen in the anthers d. Pistils – female structures – produce ovules in ovary

Flower Structure

B. Fruit 1. Formed from the enlarged ovary and sometimes other parts of the flower 2. Contains seeds 3. Designed to protect seed 4. Designed to promote dispersal of seeds 5. Types of fruit a. Fleshy fruits – juicy, full of water and sugar cucumber, avocado, tomato, apple, orange, berries b. Dry fruits – have dry fruit walls peanuts, sunflower seeds, bean pods, cacoa