Lesson 1 Causes of Conflict Chapter 9 Lesson 1 Causes of Conflict

Discuss with your group What causes conflict? Can the results of conflict be positive or negative?

Knowing why conflicts occur can help you prevent them.

Understanding Conflicts Conflicts can arise for a variety of reasons. Some conflicts are fairly trivial, but others can be serious or even deadly.

Understanding Conflicts Conflicts tend to arise when one party’s needs, wishes, or beliefs clash with those of another party. Conflict Any disagreement, struggle, or fight

Understanding Conflicts Interpersonal conflicts can involve groups of any size, from individual people to entire nations. Interpersonal conflicts Conflicts between people or groups of people

Understanding Conflicts Internal conflicts take place within an individual. For example, if you have two important events to attend on the same day, you might have an internal conflict over which event to attend.

Common Causes of Conflict Conflicts among people can occur for many different reasons.

Common Causes of Conflict Power struggles Personal loyalties Common Causes of Conflict Lack of respect Jealousy and envy Conflicting attitudes and values Property disputes

Common Causes of Conflict Conflicts can escalate into fights when emotions get out of control. Escalate to become more serious

Results of Conflict Conflict is a normal part of life. Learning to manage conflicts and deal with them before they get out of hand will strengthen all aspects of your health.

Results of Conflict Possible Positive Effects of Conflicts Improved Communication Skills Improved Problem-Solving Skills Improved Social Health Improved Relationships

Possible Negative Effects of Conflicts Results of Conflict Anger Stress Frustration Death Possible Negative Effects of Conflicts Fear Emotional Pain Injury Violence Job Loss

Tips for Preventing Conflicts Avoid people who provoke you. Don’t argue over minor disagreements. Adjust your own behavior. Adjust your own attitude.

Preventing Conflicts Reminding a friend who often borrows money to get some cash before you go out is one way to prevent a conflict.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Identify two common causes of interpersonal conflicts. Sample answer: Power struggles, property disputes

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary How can conflicts be positive? Working through the conflict improves people’s communication and problem solving skills, teaches them how to get along better, demonstrates their commitment to each other, or helps them understand each other better.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Give an example of how conflicts can negatively affect one’s health. A conflict at the workplace can cause people to lose their jobs.

Lesson 2: Resolving conflicts Chapter 9 Lesson 2: Resolving conflicts

Conflicts can be resolved through negotiation or mediation.

Responding to Conflict There are various ways to deal with a conflict. Conflict resolution is the process of ending a conflict through cooperation and problem solving.

Responding to Conflict Walk away from a conflict: if you think the conflict could escalate and become dangerous. if you are having trouble managing your own anger.

Responding to Conflict In many cases, walking away from a conflict will not make it go away.   Sooner or later, you will need to practice conflict resolution, the process of ending a conflict through cooperation and problem solving.

Compromise An agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions. You can often resolve minor conflicts with a compromise.   It’s unwise to compromise when doing so could have harmful consequences or would go against your values.

Compromise Compromise can help you resolve simple conflicts, such as whose CD to listen to.

Effective Negotiation Negotiation involves finding a solution that both sides can accept. Mutual respect is an important factor in a successful negotiation.

Effective Negotiation Violence does not address the cause of the conflict, so the same conflict is likely to occur again. This may cause the violence to escalate.

Effective Negotiation The negotiation process involves talking, listening, and considering the other party’s point of view. Negotiation The use of communication and, in many cases, compromise to settle a disagreement

The Negotiation Process Take time to calm down and think over the situation. Let each party take turns explaining its side of the conflict without interruption. Apply good communication skills. If necessary, ask for clarification to make sure that each party understands the other’s position.

The Negotiation Process Brainstorm solutions to the conflict. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Agree on a solution that is acceptable to both sides, ideally a win-win solution. If this is not possible, the two parties may need to compromise. Follow up to see whether the solution has worked for each party.

Preparing for Negotiation Choose the time and place carefully. Check your facts. Plan what you will say.

Tips for Successful Negotiation Stay calm. Attack the problem, not each other. Avoid blaming and name-calling. Keep an open mind. Listen attentively to what the other side has to say. Try to understand the other party’s point of view. Be willing to take responsibility for your role in the conflict. Apologize if you have done something to hurt the other person.

The Mediation Process Bringing in a neutral third party to mediate can help resolve some conflicts. When two parties cannot reach a solution through negotiation, they may consider mediation.

The Mediation Process Mediation can help people settle interpersonal conflicts.

The Mediation Process The word mediation literally means “being in the middle.” Mediation Bringing in a neutral third party to help others resolve their conflicts peacefully.

The Mediation Process Formal mediation involves the help of a mediator who has special training in resolving conflicts.   Informal mediation can be as simple as asking a teacher to help settle a dispute with a classmate.

The Mediation Process Three Basic Principles of Effective Mediation Neutrality Confidentiality Well-Defined Ground Rules

The Mediation Process The mediator must always be an outsider who has no stake in the dispute.   The mediation session should also take place in a neutral location.

The Mediation Process Effective mediation depends on confidentiality. The mediator promises not to reveal anything said by either party during the process. Confidentiality Respecting the privacy of both parties and keeping details secret

The Mediation Process Effective mediation depends on well-defined ground rules.   Both parties must agree to the rules set by the mediator.

Peer Mediation Many schools have started peer mediation programs to help resolve conflicts. Peer mediation A process in which specially trained students help other students resolve conflicts peacefully

The Five Steps of Peer Mediation Making introductions Establishing ground rules Hearing each side Exploring solutions Wrapping it up

Peer Mediation Mediation is not an appropriate solution for every kind of problem in schools.   Violence and other crimes, for instance, require action from school administration or legal authorities.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary List three steps you could take to prepare for a negotiation. Choose the time and place carefully, check your facts, and plan what you will say.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary When might it be necessary to bring in a mediator to settle a conflict? When the two parties cannot reach a solution through negotiation

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Give two examples of ground rules in a peer mediation process. Any two: Listen without interrupting, tell the truth, and address each other with respect.

Lesson 3: Understanding Violence Chapter 9 Lesson 3: Understanding Violence

Teens need to know about forms of violence and ways to protect themselves.

Causes of Violence Weapons, drugs, and gangs are some factors that can contribute to violence. There are factors that can help protect teens from participating in violence.

Causes of Violence Some acts of violence result from interpersonal conflicts. Violence can also be random. Violence The threatened or actual use of physical force or power to harm another person or to damage property

Causes of Violence Causes of Violence Uncontrolled Anger or Frustration A Need to Control Others Retaliation or Revenge for Some Past Harm, Whether Real or Perceived Hatred or Prejudice Against A Particular Group

Causes of Violence Children are at a greater risk of being involved in violence if their families: are poor. have low levels of education. are involved in illegal activities.

Causes of Violence Teens are at a greater risk of being involved in violence if they have friends who are involved in violence and crime.

Causes of Violence Teens who are involved in school activities are at less risk of violence. They are also less likely to commit acts of violence.

Alcohol and Drug Use Studies have found that alcohol, in particular, plays a role in many violent crimes.   Drinking and drug use can lower people’s self-control and damage people’s judgment.

Mental and Emotional Problems Teens with low self-esteem may: try to use violence to prove themselves. use violence as a way of getting back at a system that they think has caused them to fail. join gangs as a way to belong.

Mental and Emotional Problems Learning to control anger effectively can greatly reduce the risk of violence.   Anger management workshops and counseling can help people learn to deal with anger and avoid lashing out at others.

Availability of Weapons A recent government survey revealed that nearly one in five high school students reported having carried a weapon within the past 30 days.   Access to weapons can increase violence.

Availability of Weapons Do not carry a weapon. People who carry guns are twice as likely to become victims of gun violence. If you know that another teen is carrying a weapon, tell a trusted adult, such as a parent or teacher. If necessary, you can contact the authorities anonymously. If your parents keep a gun at home, encourage them to equip it with a trigger lock and to store it unloaded in a locked cabinet.

Violence in the Media Every day, children and teens are exposed to violent words and images in television, movies, song lyrics, and video games.

Violence in the Media Studies have found that children and teens act more aggressively right after watching violent scenes.   Children and teens who are aggressive tend to watch more violent television than their less aggressive peers.

Gang Violence Youth gangs are groups of teens or young adults who are involved in violent or illegal activity.   Teens who belong to gangs are much more likely than their peers to commit serious or violent crimes and to become victims of violence.

Avoiding Gang Violence Be aware of gang activity in your area, including the colors and symbols used by gangs. Seek out positive alternatives to gang membership. Be prepared to use refusal skills if anyone ever tries to recruit you into a gang.

Types of Violence Violence may be physical or sexual. In nearly half of all violent crimes, the victims know their attackers.

Assault and Homicide An assault can be a minor threat or an attack that causes life-threatening injuries. Assault An unlawful physical attack or threat of attack

Assault and Homicide Assaults can take the form of random violence. Violence committed for no particular reason

Assault and Homicide If the victim of an assault dies, the crime becomes a homicide. Homicide The willful killing of one human being by another

Risk Factors Associated with Violence Assault and Homicide Drugs Alcohol Risk Factors Associated with Violence Weapons Gangs

Assault and Homicide You can protect yourself from assault and homicide by developing protective factors.   For instance, strengthening your ties to your family and your school can lower your overall risk of violence.

Sexual Violence Victims of sexual violence are very likely to know their attackers. Sexual violence Any form of unwelcome sexual contact directed at an individual

Sexual Violence Sexual harassment can include jokes, gestures, or physical contact.

Sexual Violence Sexual violence can include sexual assault. Any intentional sexual attack against another person

Sexual Violence Survivors of rape may be unwilling to report the crime because of shame or fear. Rape Any form of sexual intercourse that takes place against a person’s will

Sexual Violence Most rape victims are female, and most rapists are male.   A sexual attack can happen anywhere.

Avoiding Sexual Violence Tips for Avoiding Sexual Violence  Be aware of your surroundings wherever you go. Refuse to go anywhere alone with someone you don’t know or trust.  Attend parties with friends so you can all watch out for each other.  Avoid alcohol and drugs, which can make you an easier target.   Trust your instincts.

Responding to a Sexual Attack If you are ever sexually attacked, your goal is to survive.   Do whatever you need to do to survive the situation.

Responding to a Sexual Attack Reporting a sexual attack right away gives you the best chance of bringing the attacker to justice.   To preserve evidence of the attack, do not bathe or brush your teeth until you have been examined.

Responding to a Sexual Attack If you are the victim of a sexual attack, seek medical help for any injuries and, if appropriate, get tested for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Hate Crimes A hate crime is any crime motivated chiefly by hatred of or prejudice against a particular group.   People may be targeted because of their race, religion, culture, sexual orientation, or other difference.

Hate Crimes Forms of Hate Crimes Harassment Vandalism Assault and Homicide Arson

Hate Crimes Practicing and teaching tolerance of other groups can go a long way toward ending hate crimes.   When a hate crime occurs, community members can condemn the crime and express support for the targeted group.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Identify two factors that can contribute to violence. Any two: Alcohol and drug use; mental and emotional problems such as low self esteem, stress, depression, and anger; the availability of weapons; violence in the media; gang violence

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary What is random violence? Violence committed for no particular reason.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Identify two steps you can take to protect yourself from sexual violence. Any two: Be aware of your surroundings; avoid alcohol and drugs; stay in groups and look out for each other; refuse to go anywhere alone with someone you don’t know or trust; trust your instincts.

Lesson 4: Preventing and Overcoming Abuse Chapter 9 Lesson 4: Preventing and Overcoming Abuse

Abuse can cause physical, mental, and emotional damage.

Abuse in Relationships All forms of abuse are extremely harmful. Abuse is the physical, mental, emotional, or sexual mistreatment of one person by another.

Abuse in Relationships A dating relationship may be abusive if one partner tries to pressure the other into sexual activity. tries to make the relationship serious or exclusive right away. acts jealous or possessive.

Abuse in Relationships A dating relationship may be abusive if one partner tries to control the other’s behavior. yells, swears, or otherwise emotionally attacks the other. threatens the other with physical violence.

Forms of Abuse Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Stalking

Forms of Abuse Physical abuse can result in serious injuries. A pattern of intentionally causing bodily harm or injury to another person

Forms of Abuse Emotional abuse can leave the victim emotionally scarred. Emotional abuse A pattern of attacking another person’s emotional development and sense of worth

Forms of Abuse One form of emotional abuse is verbal abuse. The use of words to mistreat or injure another person

Forms of Abuse Emotional abusers may also humiliate their victims, attempt to control their behavior, threaten physical harm, or cut the person off from friends and family members.

Forms of Abuse Victims of emotional abuse may feel worthless or helpless or even come to feel that they deserve the abuse.

Forms of Abuse Sexual assault, rape, and trying to pressure someone into sexual activity are examples of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse A pattern of sexual contact that is forced upon a person against the person’s will

Forms of Abuse Victims of stalking may be followed from place to place. Stalking Repeatedly following, harassing, or threatening an individual

Forms of Abuse Stalkers may harass their victims by calling or e-mailing repeatedly and sending letters or gifts.

Forms of Abuse Communicating your sexual limits clearly to the people you date can protect you from being in an abusive relationship.

Protecting Yourself from Abuse Tips for Avoiding Abusive Relationships Hang out with others who share your values and treat you with respect. Know and communicate your own limits with regard to sexual activity. Avoid drugs and alcohol Know the warning signs of abuse in relationships.    

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Rape that occurs in dating relationships is a form of abuse. Sometimes abuse in dating relationships can take the form of sexual violence.

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Date rape is one of the most common forms of rape. Date rape One person in a dating relationship forces the other person to take part in sexual intercourse

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape In acquaintance rape, the attacker is someone the victim knows casually or considers a friend.   This is the form of rape that affects male victims most often.

Alcohol, Drugs, and Date Rape Alcohol often plays a role in date rape.   Drinking lowers people’s inhibitions and impairs their judgment.

Avoiding Date Rape Tips for Avoiding Date Rape    Avoid being alone with a dating partner you don’t trust or know well, or with anyone who makes you feel uneasy.   Avoid alcohol and drugs.  Stay sober and aware of what’s going on around you.

Avoiding Date Rape Tips for Avoiding Date Rape    Be clear about your sexual limits with dating partners.  Always get your own beverage at parties, and never leave it uncovered or unattended.   Don’t drink anything that smells or tastes strange.

Avoiding Date Rape Tips for Avoiding Date Rape    Make sure you have a way to get home.  Don’t depend only on your date for a ride. If you start to feel dizzy, disoriented, or otherwise unwell, tell someone you trust and ask for help getting home. 

Overcoming Abuse Counseling can help survivors of abuse recover from its effects. Reporting the incident to authorities can help prevent future abuse.

Help for Survivors People who have survived rape or abuse may feel angry, confused, or ashamed.   They may withdraw from friends and family or develop symptoms of depression or anxiety.

Help for Survivors The traumatic experience can lead to a fear of intimacy and an inability to trust others.   Seeking professional help is the best way to work through these feelings and avoid long-term health consequences.

Help for Survivors Support Sources Parents, guardians, or other trusted adults Teachers, coaches, school nurses, or guidance counselors Members of the clergy Police

Help for Survivors Support Sources private physicians or hospital emergency rooms shelters for victims of domestic violence rape crisis centers therapists, counselors, or support groups

Help for Abusers In cases of abuse, the victim isn’t the only one who needs help.   Abuse is a learned behavior, and many abusers were once victims of abuse themselves.

Help for Abusers Counseling can help abusers learn to cope with their emotions in healthier ways.   By getting the help they need, abusers may be able to save their relationships and stop the cycle of violence from continuing to the next generation.

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary What is verbal abuse? The use of words to mistreat or injure another person

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Identify two warning signs that a dating relationship may be abusive. Sample answer: A date acts possessive, or a date threatens physical harm

After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Identify two strategies for avoiding date rape. Sample answer: Avoid alcohol and drugs, and be clear about your sexual limits with people you date.