Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution – complex of developments that transformed Britain, West Europe and the United States into modern industrial nations in the 19th century Technology before Industrial Revolution – wonderfully detailed engraving shows the techniques of glass blowing, ship building, cabinet making, and dozens of trades. All work is hand work – simple and hand made tools and equipment, no machinery used Eg. Wooden gearing of a mill, whose power is supplied by four horses walking in a circle. The only sources of power are human, horses, water and wind. Wooden gearing of a mill supplied by four horses Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Textile mill Technology after Industrial Revolution – factory made products used with power from pumped water, electric current, gasoline and spare parts, which are all products of industrial processes. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Early Industrialization and Inventions – James Watt invented the steam engine – source of power for pumping water and running the machinery of textile mills Steam engine – alternative to hand, horse, wind and water as a source of power Steam engines required metals for their working parts – iron and steel Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Iron and Steel– Quantities of iron and steel needed for steam engines required mines and blast furnaces, foundries and steel mills Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Transport of coal, Iron and Steel– Transport of coal from mines, of iron from foundries, steel from mills to the shops required steam engines instead of ox-carts Rail road with cars pulled by steam engine – locomotive – used to bring raw materials to factories and take their products to markets Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Iron ships– Building of iron ships powered by steam engines introduced similar improvements in sea travel and the intercontinental transport of goods Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Power loom and steam engine – The power loom and steam engine made a textile mill capable of producing cheap cloth in quantity. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Less labour– The products of engine powered factories required less manual labour – products were inexpensive Economical effects - Wealthy people – industrialist – aristocrats – owners of industries Poor people – Agricultural farmers who were living in farm houses now moved to cities worked in factories and lived in slums Economical effects – Profits earned by mills and factories were used to build more factories making the owners wealthy, making the countries that turned to industrialization rich and powerful. Britain became a dominant world power. France, Germany, the United States and eventually, other countries rose in wealth and status as the process of industrialization progressed Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Initial effects of Industrialization on designers – The world of design paid little attention to industrialization, except to offer a few complaints about the noise and dirt associated with the new inventions Eg, John Nash used iron columns in the Brighton Pavilion Euston Station had a Greek entrance gate Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Initial effects of Industrialization on designers Latrobe designed a steam powered water pumping station with Greek detail Locomotives sometimes had domes shaped like Roman temples Steam engines often had structural parts of cast iron in the form of columns Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Effect of industry on interiors– no more aesthetic but technical First step towards plumbing, lighting, heating appeared making interiors unfashionable Cast iron for stoves Kitchen fire place became obsolete Instead stoves heated with wood and the, coal had major advantages Kitchen developed with water reservoirs kept warm by the stove fire to provide hot water. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Effect of industry on interiors In cities – central piped water heating systems begin to appear Pressure provided by steam pumps that could lift water to a high reservoir or water tower so that gravity would make water available to bathrooms on the upper floors of buildings Running water, flush toilets, and the drain trap introduced in the 1800s Bath tubs and showers were luxuries at first but eventually became standard Systems of central heating gradually replaced stoves Coal fired furnaces were placed in cellars to heat warm air which was circulated to living spaces through pipes and grills The public buildings – churches, schools, hospitals were heated by warm systems Furnaces were arranged to heat water so that piped hot water could be available in bathrooms Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Effect of industry on artificial lighting– confined to candles until the end of the 18th century Oil lamps with wick holders – factory made – better light than candles with less inconvenience – colza oil, whale oil, mineral oil (kerosene) Invention of illuminating gas originally coal – piped gas used for lighting supplied by centralized city systems – cooking ranges and various heating systems Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Effect of industry on residential spaces– The bathrooms emerged as a new kind of space – given a minor place in house Kitchen was the workplace of servants – functional design – no particular aesthetic attention Living spaces – role of the fire places and mantel diminished – small coal grate – parlor stove Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Iron and glass– The Industrial revolution brought new methods of technology and new ways of building Iron – material of great strength and low cost Iron - Alternative to wood and masonry Need for great bridges to carry rail roads and great train sheds presented new engineering problems Engineering emerged as a technological profession –no much aesthetic concerns Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Rail road terminals – needed sheds to protect trains, passengers and baggage on scale that would reach many tracks Wood and masonry were not ideal materials for this purpose and engineers found it logical to build in iron Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Industrial Revolution Glass now factory made in quantity in large sheets, was an ideal light and transparent material for filling in iron frames Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian