Spread of Islam into Africa & Asia

The Dar al-Islam The World of Islam 1 2 3 4 5

Delhi Sultanate of India 13th-16th cent. After the fall of the Gupta, India was broken up into regional states ruled by Hindu princes. Turkish army captured the northern cities of Lahore and Delhi => India ruled by Muslims for the first time.

Sultan Ilutmish Consolidated Muslim control over much of northern India. Was recognized by Islamic Empire caliph as a new Muslim state called the Delhi Sultanate. Relied on instilling fear in the people and maintaining large militaries to keep them from being overthrown.

Sultan Ala-ud-din Khaliji Seized trading state of Gujarat in 1298 and gained southern tip of India.

Decline of the Delhi Sultanate Southern provinces united and declared a Hindu Vijayanagar Empire. Muslim nobles in central India rebelled and created Bahmani kingdom. Mongols began attacking in 14th century Next empire: Mughal

Religion in South Asia Islam entered India both peacefully and forcefully Jizya: tax on non-Muslims Many Buddhists converted making Buddhism a minority religion in India Sufis: did not focus on strict doctrines, emphasized a personal connection Islam didn’t really change caste system Islam didn’t really change gender relations

India impacted Islam How? Islam impacted India

Indian Ocean Trade

Indian Ocean Trade Trade in Indian Ocean increased dramatically between 1200 and 1500 Disruption of overland routes in Central Asia. Increased demand for luxury goods (precious metals, jewels, rare spices, fine textiles).

Maritime technology Dhows: Arab sailing vessels made from teak planks sewn together with lateen sails made of palm leaves or cotton. Junks: Largest, most technologically advanced and seaworthy vessels at the time; developed by Chinese.

Chinese Junk Arab Dhow

Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

Strait of Malacca Body of water between Malay Peninsula and island of Sumatra => controlled trade route from South China Sea to the Indian Ocean. Malacca Most important port city Converted to Islam Market for SE Asian products.

Islam in South East Asia Trade: introduced Hinduism, Buddhism then Islam Merchants and cities: Islamic Sufis: so Islam was mixed with lots of local influence, animist, Hindu & Buddhist influence In most areas Buddhism stayed strong: arrived centuries before Islam Bali: Hinduism stayed strong

Angkor Wat: influence of Indian Buddhism

Women’s position stayed strong in South East Asia Small businesses dominated by women Lineage and inheritance traced through women

Ch. 8 in textbook or Ch. 9 in AMSCO Review book Africa Ch. 8 in textbook or Ch. 9 in AMSCO Review book

Bantus: began migration circa 3000 BCE Spread of Agriculture: yams, millet Iron making technology by 500 BCE Disease: spread malaria Matrilineal societies Religion: believed a single god created world and spirits inhabit it Ancestor veneration: masks to represent dead ancestors Spread music, story telling Language

https://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/b ooks/bkf3/imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_ 206_bantu.html

West Africa Berbers (North African Arabs) – spread Islam to empire of Ghana (“the Gold Coast”)

Mali Empire Founded by Sundiata Elites and ruling class converted to Islam Very wealthy due to control of the Trans- Saharan trade route and its gold, copper, and salt mines. Most famous leader was Mansa Musa, who became known through his hajj pilgrimage and creating an Islamic academic community in his capital of Timbuktu.

Mansa Musa Sundiata

Islamic university in Timbuktu

Songhay Empire Most famous ruler was Sunni Ali, a military leader who ruled through his powerful army

The Swahili Coast 30-45 city-states developed on East African coast due to Indian Ocean trade. Combined African and Arabic culture and language => Swahili. Region became known as the Swahili Coast.

The Swahili Coast

Great Zimbabwe Trading city known for stone structures. Only major empire in southern Africa. Economy based on farming, cattle herding, and exporting copper, salt and gold.

Great Zimbabwe Ruins

Effect of Islam and trade on region Increase in wealthy merchants and ruling elites. Growth in slavery accompanied the rising prosperity of elites Architecture influenced by Islam => courtyards, pillars, and arches. Muslim domination of long distance trade in the Indian Ocean region. Rise in literacy and education

THE BIG PICTURE Conversion to Islam strengthened nomadic tribes such as the Turks, Berbers, Mongols, and Africans. Africa became the strongest “outpost” of Islam, creating new cultures in both the West (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) and the East (Swahili coast). Indian Ocean trade routes grew dramatically, giving Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia bigger roles in the global economic system. Muslim invasion of India began a conflict between Hindus and Muslims that continues today.

Aden and the Red Sea City on SW tip of Arabian Peninsula that became major stopover port for Indian Ocean trade. Very wealthy and multicultural

Gujarat and the Malabar Coast (India) Rich agricultural land in the interior and a number of trading cities along its long coastline. Exported cotton textiles, leather and indigo Instrumental in the spread of Islam to SE Asia.

Gujarat Malabar Coast

The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan 7. Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the 14th century Muslim traveler visited? a. The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan b. The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India c. India, Mali, and Persia d. India, Persia, and Poland e. England, Iraq, and Mali C:58% of test-takers got it correct.