Chapter 4 Lesson 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells Pages 140-145

What are Elements and Compounds? Organisms are made up of many substances These substances are the raw materials that make up your blood, bones, tissues, etc. These substances are also a part of the processes performed by your cells. Elements are found in your body Examples of elements in your body are Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. The smallest unit of an element is an atom. An element only contains one kind of atom. Hydrogen has only Hydrogen atoms. Oxygen has only Oxygen atoms. What are Elements and Compounds? Image from: https://www.rdmag.com/article/2016/06/names-suggested-four-elements-joining-periodic-table

What are Elements and Compounds? Compounds form when two or more elements combine chemically. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are examples of compounds Most of the elements in living things occur in the form of compounds. The smallest unit of many compounds is a molecules. One molecule of Carbon dioxide or CO2 contains one atom of Carbon and two atoms of Oxygen What are Elements and Compounds? How many atoms are in a water molecules? Name the elements in a molecule of carbon dioxide. https://www.123rf.com/photo_35894175_water-molecule-oxygen-red-hydrogen-white.html

What Compounds do Cells Need? Many of the compounds in living things contain Carbon. Most compounds containing Carbon are called organic compounds. Nylon and polyester are examples of organic compounds Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon Water and table salt are examples of inorganic compounds Living cells need organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to survive. Living cells need water, an inorganic compound, to survive. What Compounds do Cells Need? http://biofoundations.org/repairing-the-cell-membrane/

What Compounds do Cells Need? Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates Carbohydrates are energy-rich organic compounds made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Photosynthesis in plants produces sugars Fruits and some vegetables have a lot of sugar in them. Sugar molecules can combine to form starches Starches are complex carbohydrates Plants store excess energy in the form of starches Potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread all come from plants and contain starch. When you eat these foods, your body breaks the starch down into glucose. Glucose is the sugar your cells use for energy. What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Carbohydrates are also an important part of the cell Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called cellulose Carbohydrates are also in the cell membrane of animal cells What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Lipids are compounds made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and some oxygen. Cell membranes are made mostly of lipids Fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids Lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates Lipids are for long-term energy storage What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Protein! What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Proteins are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and sometimes, sulfur. Protein is essential to a cell’s structure and function There are proteins in the cell membrane Proteins are found in organelles Proteins are found in our hair, fingernails, eyes, muscles, and organs. Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions. Many of the processes necessary for life would take too long if enzymes did not speed them up. An enzyme in your saliva speeds up the digestion of starch. What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Nucleic acids are very long organic molecules consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous Nucleic acids have instructions that cells need to carry out all of the functions of life. Red meat, shellfish, mushrooms, and peas all contain a large amount of nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid DNA is the genetic material that gets passed from organism down to its offspring. DNA directs the function of a cell and is found in the cell’s nucleus. The shape of DNA is a double helix What Compounds do Cells Need?

What Compounds do Cells Need? Water! Most chemical reactions in cells depend on substances dissolved in water Water takes part in many chemical reactions inside of cells. Water helps cells keep their shape It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water, which means it takes a long time for water to increase or decrease in temperature Water helps maintain a constant temperature inside your cells and your body. Water also helps substances move across the cell membrane in and out of cells What Compounds do Cells Need?

Review An element is ________________________________________ __ An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. A compound is______________________________________ _. A combination of two or more elements Cells need ________________________________________ ___ Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Water Review

Review Carbohydrates are _____________________________________ Energy-rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen An example of a carbohydrate found in plants is ___________ Starch Review

Review Lipids are _____________________________________ Compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Examples of lipids are ____________________________ Fats, oils, and waxes. Proteins are ____________________________________ Large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Proteins are important for _____________________________ Cell structure and function Enzymes are ________________________________________ Proteins that speed up chemical reactions Review

Review Nucleic acids are _______________________________ Very long organic molecules consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous An example of a nucleic acid is _________________________ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA exists in the shape of a __________________________ Double helix In a cell, water is needed for ___________________________ Chemical reactions Maintaining cell shape Review