The Reformation and Counter Reformation Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the Popes

Martin Luther 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences 1517 Ideas spread by the Printing Press Excommunicated 1521 Translates the Bible into German languages Followers called Lutherans

Luther's 95 Theses A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized: The Power of the Pope The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Luther’s Major ideas: You are saved because of your faith in God alone, not because of attaining sacraments or performing good works (like indulgences). (Justification by Faith) Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola Scripta) “Priesthood of all believers” – all men and women have access to God through faith without need of priests

Pope Leo X (Medici) He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

War in the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperor Charles V wants to keep German states Catholic Many German Princes want independence and reform War 1520’s – 1555 Peace of Augsburg – each prince can determine the religion in his land. Is this religious freedom?

John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

John Calvin 1530’s Tried to rid or “purify” the Protestant church of shows of wealth and rituals similar to Catholic Rituals Purified life (no drinking, swearing, gambling, dancing) Writes: The Institutes of the Christian Religion to spread his ideas Major ideas: Sola Scripta Predestination – god has already chosen who will be saved and who won’t be Followers called: Huguenots (France) Puritans (England) Presbyterians (Scotland)

Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The Church of England) At first defended Catholicism against Luther – “Defender of the Faith” 1527 – Wants a divorce Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope Henry breaks with Catholicism Parliament creates Act of Supremacy making Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church All must swear alliegiance or be arrested. Henry takes land back from church and breaks up monasteries

Creates religious conflict in England Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – anti- Protestant Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to create a compromise to avoid further conflict.

Catholic Counter Reformation Catholic leaders agree to reforms to prevent further conversions to Protestantism Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – How did they contribute to church reform? Council of Trent What did they change about the way Catholicism was practiced? What stayed the same?