1. The Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation
Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the Popes

2. Previous signs of trouble for the Roman Catholic Church
Lay Investitures- who can choose clergy?
The First Schism (1054)- use of icons and more create Greek Orthodox Church
The Crusades- questioning of papal leadership
The Great Schism- 3 Popes at the same time!
Scholarly Challenges- Wycliffe and Hus
John Wycliffe- Jesus not Popes; Translated Bible
Jan Hus- Bible not Popes; excommunicated & burned at the stake

3. Confessing or Converting?

4. Where is that “Stairway to Heaven?”

5. Purgatory
"a state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven." (Catechism of the Catholic Church [CCC] Page 896).

6. Martin Luther- Sola Fida! Chapter 17 Section 3

7. Luther's 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Sale of Indulgences (Idea that you could buy your way out of consequences of sin)

8. Luther’s Major ideas:
You are saved because of your faith in God alone, not because of attaining sacraments or performing good works (like indulgences). (Justification by Faith)
Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola Scripta)
“Priesthood of all believers” – all men and women have access to God through faith without need of priests

9. Selected theses, Martin Luther, October 31, 1517
21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in error who say that by the indulgences of the Pope a man is freed and saved from all punishment.
24. Hence, the greater part of the people must needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalties.
32. Those who believe that, through letters of pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation will be eternally damned along with their teachers....
43. Christians should be taught that he who gives to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does better than if he bought pardons. .

10. Pope Leo X (Medici)
He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

11. Church’s Reaction
Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he Diet of Worms
Diet – group/assembly
Worms is a place in Germany

12. Luther says NO. Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir
Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!! Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen.")
He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life

13. Recap October 31, 1517 Ideas spread- Printing Press
Excommunicated 1521
Diet of Worms- Luther defends Himself
Translates the Bible into German languages
Followers called Lutherans

14. Martin Luther on the run!
1520- Pope sends envoys to Germany to persuade Luther to withdraw criticisms
Pope condemns and excommunicates Luther
Luther burns Popes responses
Diet of Worms
Luther in hiding from Charles V of Germany and the Pope
Peasant Uprising (want to end serfdom)
Luther Supporters called Protestants
War for 20 plus years

15. War in the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, wants to keep German states Catholic
Many German Princes want independence and reform
War 1520’s – 1555
Schmalkaldic League – Lutheran Princes and their armies fight Charles V and the Pope

16. The Truce
Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each German prince can determine the religion of the people in his land.

18. New Protestant Denominations (sects of churches)
Calvinism
Anglicanism – King of England is head of the Church of England
Anabaptists
Huguenots
Huldrych Zwingli

19. John Calvin Major ideas: Sola Scripta
Predestination – god has already chosen who will be saved and who won’t be
Followers called:
Huguenots (France)
Puritans (England) - Tried to rid or “purify” the Protestant church of shows of wealth and rituals
Presbyterians (Scotland)

20. Henry VIII Creates the Church of England
Wanted a son!
Wanted a divorce!
Pope says no!

22. Creates religious conflict in England
Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – anti- Protestant
Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to create a compromise to avoid further conflict.

23. Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The Church of England)
At first defended Catholicism against Luther – “Defender of the Faith”
1527 – Wants a divorce- Wife gave birth to a girl
Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope
Henry breaks with Catholicism (marriage won’t be annulled)
Parliament creates Act of Supremacy (1534) making Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church
All must swear allegiance or be arrested.
Henry takes land back from church and breaks up monasteries

24. 4. Catholic Counter Reformation
Catholic leaders agree to reforms to prevent further conversions to Protestantism- Ends Indulgences
Council of Trent
Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – Wipeout heresy and spread Catholicism

25. The Inquisition
Spain
European Jews (Diaspora Continued)

26. Causes of the Protestant Reformation
Social
Political
Economic
Religious