Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP – the universal source of energy for all cell activities (3-Phosphates) Charged ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - is a high energy molecule found in all cells, that powers all energy requiring cellular activities Energy is stored in the bonds between the Phosphate molecules (2- phosphates) Uncharged ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) – a molecule that has given up its energy to perform a cellular activity like active transport or muscle contractions. In the Mitochondria ADP is charged by transferring energy stored in glucose to form ATP Animation ADP ATP Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy ATP ADP Charged Battery Uncharged Battery H2O Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions CO2 O2

Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions Aerobic Respiration A E R O B I C (With-Oxygen) X X Aerobic (cellular) Respiration – Cellular process that uses oxygen to break down glucose into ATP (this process RECHARGES ADP) Occurs in the mitochondria and makes large amount of ATP but only if there is oxygen present. When your cells need more ATP (you become more active) you breath harder to bring in more oxygen in order to break down glucose T Y R G A E N Chemical Equation + CARBON DIOXIDE + GLUCOSE OXYGEN WATER ADP ATP O2 + CO2 + H2O Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

+ + + + + CO2 CO2 A N A E R O B I C X X O T Y R G A E N Anaerobic Respiration (without –oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration – Cellular process that does NOT use oxygen to break down glucose into ATP Occurs in the Cells Cytoplasm and makes small amounts of ATP when NO oxygen is present. Anaerobic Respiration makes additional energy when more energy is needed than Aerobic Respiration can make. Types of Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs in ANIMAL cells (this is the burning you feel during difficult exercise). Alcoholic Fermentation – occurs in Yeast (a fungi used to make bread) cells (this is how beer and wine is made) A N A E R O B I C X X O T Y R G Glucose + + CO2 + LACTIC ACID A E N ATP Glucose + + CO2 ALCOHOL ATP Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

+ + + + + O2 CO2 H2O Photosynthesis Photosynthesis– Process that uses sunlight energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen gas. Occurs in the Chloroplast of plants and algae This process is essential to life, it changes the carbon dioxide gas that all organism produce during respiration and change it into oxygen and glucose. . Chemical Equation + + CARBON DIOXIDE WATER GLUCOSE OXYGEN + + CO2 H2O + O2 Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions C6H12O6

Factors that affect the Rate of Respiration and Photosynthesis Temperature O2 Concentration CO2 Concentration Sunlight Aerobic Respiration Too ↑ or ↓ will slow or stop because of the enzymes that are at work As O2 ↑ resp. will ↑ As O2 ↓ resp. will↓ No affect N/A Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis As CO2 ↑ Photosynthesis will ↑ As CO2 ↓ Photosynthesis will↓ Depending on the type of plant there is an optimal amount too ↑ or too↓ will slow or stop photosynthesis Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

The Carbon Cycle – plants turn the carbon dioxide gas that is produced from cellular respiration and turns it into Glucose (carbohydrates – chemical energy) Produced in photosynthesis Used in photosynthesis Chloroplast-Found only in plant cells Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + + Water Glucose Mitochondria - found in all Eukaryotic Cells Produced in cellular respiration Used in cellular respiration Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

Bioenergetic Reactions = processes that provide energy for living things. 2 major processes: Process Who Does it? Where Does it occur? What’s Needed? (Reactants) What’s made? (Products) Turning the suns energy into → glucose (chemical energy) Photosynthesis Plants, Algae Chloroplast Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sunlight Oxygen, Glucose Turning glucose into → ATP Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Respiration) All organisms Mitochondria Oxygen, Glucose Carbon Dioxide, Water, 36 ATP (Self – feeders) (Others – feeders) Autotroph- organisms that can make their own energy Examples: plants, algae Heterotroph- organisms that can NOT make their own energy and must consume (eat) other organisms Examples: Animals, Fungi Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

During respiration, what if there is no oxygen During respiration, what if there is no oxygen? Cells may carry on anaerobic respiration or fermentation 2 Types: Process Who does it? How do we Know? Products? Lactic Acid Fermentation Some Bacteria Vertebrate Muscle Cells Pain in muscles when exercising is lactic acid build up Carbon Dioxide 2ATP Lactic Acid Alcoholic Fermentation Bacteria and Yeast This is how beer and wine are made Ethyl Alcohol Why is the amount of ATP important? ATP provides energy for cells, therefore the more ATP, the more work can be done. Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Location Mitochondria Cytoplasm of Vertebrate Animals and some Bacteria Cytoplasm of yeast cells Amount of Energy Large amounts of energy; 36 ATP per glucose. But occurs slow Small amounts of energy; 2 ATP per glucose Small amounts of energy; 2 ATP per glucose Aerobic or Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Examples Distance Running, Swimming or riding a bike Wall sits, push ups to failure, sprinting once around the track Used in the production of bread (CO2 gas makes bread rise) , wine, and beer Picture