Enlightenment and Revolution 1700s Blue Book Ch 22

Enlightenment

Enlightenment After the Scientific Revolution people began to question old ideas Scholars turned to reason and thought to study concepts such as religion, economics, and education This time period was known in Europe as the Enlightenment

Consent of the governed Government Right to Govern Old Idea: Divine Right New Idea: Consent of the governed

Thomas Hobbes Vs. John Locke We will have a debate between the ideals and values of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Each of these men proposed a theory on how society should be governed Students will debate that either Locke or Hobbes was more correct on governance

Primary Source Readings Hobbes – Excerpts from Leviathan Locke – Second Treatise on Civil Government While you read the primary source record the following What does your author say about … human nature? … the purpose of government? … rights?

Debate You will present a 1:30 argument You will debate with a partner against another two students Include an introduction Argument with several pieces of evidence and support (cite the document) A conclusion After both sides have presented you will have 1:00 to refute your opponents argument Why is your opponent wrong? How does your evidence prove this?

Thomas Hobbes and the nature of society (all men are brutish) Thomas Hobbes and the nature of society (all men are brutish). Idea that men must forfeit some personal freedoms for the benefit of having a strong ruler who maintains a peaceful and orderly society.   John Locke – Blank slate theory, natural rights and the idea that man has the right to overthrow a ruler who does not protect those rights. Voltaire – tolerance; freedom of speech and religion. Montesquieu – separation of government, checks and balances. Rousseau – Noble Savage, ideas on education, social contract, the General Will. Adam Smith – capitalism, the invisible hand Mary Wollstonecraft – women’s rights Cesare Becarria – opposed the use of torture

Song Activity You will be listening to modern pop songs and interpreting the lyrics from the perspective of the enlightenment After you listen to each song work with your group to explain how the lyrics relate to one of the enlightenment thinkers What is the name of the song? What is the name of the artist? Which philosophe(s) applies to this song? Why (what lyrics support this?)

Song List Respect – Aretha Franklin Freedom – Aretha Franklin Mean – Taylor Swift Born Free – Andy Williams Bad to the Bone – ZZ Top Revolution – The Beatles Imagine – John Lennon You Can’t Always Get What You Want – The Rolling Stones We Don’t Need No Education – Pink Floyd Brave – Sara Barailles Waiting on the World to Change – John Mayer

Pick a song that was not on the list What is the name of the song and who is the artist? How does this song relate to an enlightenment philosopher? Use lyrics

Preamble to Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Which philosophes’ ideas are present in the Declaration of Independence? The Constitution?

Hobbes Vs. Locke Thomas Hobbes John Locke Believed people were inherently selfish They need strong government and order to keep them in line Favors absolute monarchs John Locke People could learn from experience and improve Favored self government Against absolute monarchy

Locke All people are born entitled to three things Life Liberty Property

French Philosophes Paris became the center of philosophical thought in the 1700s Meetings of philosophes were held in Salons throughout Europe Voltaire – Satirical writer fighting for reason, freedom of thought, and religious freedom

Montesquieu Believed government power should be separated like in Britain so no one side could dominate Legislative and Executive branch Separation of Powers

Rousseau Believed in individual freedom “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” The only good government is one from the people Legitimate power comes from the consent of the governed

Women’s Rights Most enlightenment thinkers still believed women were inferior to men Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women should be given equal access to education as men

Denis Diderot Diderot composed a collection of Enlightenment writings in the “Encyclopedia” These works challenged traditional authority and beliefs This work angered the Catholic Church and French King who censored it

Enlightened Despotism Some rulers accepted Enlightenment ideas and were called enlightened despots Frederick the Great of Prussia 1740-1786 “First servant of the state” Granted religious freedom Abolished torture Improved education Joseph II of Austria 1780-1790 Son of Maria Teresa Abolished serfdom Freedom of religion Reforms were undone after his death

American Revolution Sec 4

American Colonies During the 17th and 18th centuries Britain’s American colonies were growing rapidly The population increased from 250,000 in 1700 to 2,150,000 in 1770

French and Indian War When the Seven Years War broke out in Europe fighting carried over in the colonies 1754 The French and Indians fought against the British and British colonies Britain won the war and France gave up territory in N. America

The war proved very costly to Great Britain Since the war had benefited the colonists they should have to pay for it Stamp Act (1765) – Colonists pay a tax on all documents, newspapers, letters, wills, etc… The colonists were outraged

Boston Tea Party Over the next decade anger rose Some colonists wanted to break away from England England wanted to reassert it’s dominance over the colonies Passed a tax on tea The colonists dressed as Indians and destroyed a ship worth of tea by dumping it in Boston harbor

The British responded by closing Boston harbor The colonies organize a Continental Congress and protest the treatment of Boston Moderate colonists then supported a break from Britain In 1775 colonial militia engaged British troops sparking war

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson drafts a document declaring colonial independence 1776 The document was based on the Enlightenment ideas of the philosophes

Preamble to Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

War The Americans won for a few reasons They cared about what they were fighting for British generals made mistakes The war was expensive for Great Britain France joined the war to hurt the British After a few years the British conceded colonial independence

New Government The United States created a new type of government Articles of Confederation – Made a weak national government to prevent tyranny The Articles proved to be too weak and the states ratified a new constitution in 1787 Created a separation of powers Legislative Executive Judicial Bill of Rights First 10 amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing personnel liberties and rights

Power comes from the People Locke Separation of powers Montesquieu Direct Democracy Rousseau Free Speech Free Religion Voltaire