1. THE AMERICAN WEST AND AGRICULTURE AFTER THE CIVIL WAR Essential Question: Evaluate how the Indian resistance to white settlement came to an end. CS 1B. Examine the rationale behind federal policies toward Native Americans including the establishment of reservations, attempts at assimilation, the end of the Indian Wars at Wounded Knee, and the impact of the Dawes Act on tribal sovereignty and land ownership. C. Compare the contrasting view points of Native American leadership’s resistance to United States Indian policies as evidenced by Red Cloud and his Cooper Union speech, Seattle, Quanah Parker, and Chief Joseph as expressed in his I Will Fight No More Forever speech. 1 2

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: -List the industries bringing settlers to the West -Evaluate the hardships faced by those who settled in the American West -Explain the importance of the American Frontier -Evaluate the treatment of the American Indian as westerward settlement continued -Explain the Populist platform of 1896 and it’s connection to Frank Baum’s book

Daily Comment & Card “I will fight no more forever.” -CHIEF JOSEPH OF THE NEZ PERCE Daily Comment & Card 1887 DAWES SEVERALTY ACT -Legistlation encouraging break up of Native tribe and assimilating them into society -Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor served as a catalyst, depicting injustices done to natives -Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land

Daily Comment & Card “I will fight no more forever.” -CHIEF JOSEPH OF THE NEZ PERCE Daily Comment & Card 1890 BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE -Sioux natives wished to practice the Ghost Dance they felt would free them of the whites -The army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion and he was killed in an exchange of gunfire. -When the remainder of the tribe fled to Wounded Knee, they were massacred in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars.

Daily Comment & Card “I will fight no more forever.” -CHIEF JOSEPH OF THE NEZ PERCE Daily Comment & Card 1887 1890 DAWES SEVERALTY ACT BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE -Legistlation encouraging break up of Native tribe and assimilating them into society -Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor served as a catalyst, depicting injustices done to natives -Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land -Sioux natives wished to practice the Ghost Dance they felt would free them of the whites -The army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion and he was killed in an exchange of gunfire. -When the remainder of the tribe fled to Wounded Knee, they were massacred in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars.

THE (OLD) AMERICAN WEST

THE ARRIVAL OF THE RAILROAD CHANGED THE WEST THE ARRIVAL OF THE RAILROAD CHANGED THE WEST. THIS INNOVATION, MORE THAN ANY OTHER, TRANSFORMED LIFE BEFORE 1900. THE TWO MAJOR RAIL LINES (UNION PACIFIC AND CENTRAL PACIFIC) MET AT PROMONTORY POINT, IN UTAH, IN 1869. A GOLDEN SPIKE WAS DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND TO CELEBRATE THE MOMENT.

2) FARMING 3) RANCHING 3 INDUSTRIES BROUGHT PEOPLE TO THE WEST 1) MINING 2) FARMING 3) RANCHING MINING TOWNS WERE MADE UP OF LOT OF MEN (MANY IMMIGRANTS-CHINESE) AND VERY FEW WOMEN (UNLESS THEY WERE WORKING GIRLS)…MINING TOWNS FOLLOWED “BOOM” AND “BUST” CYCLES…

ONCE THE AREA HAD BEEN MINED…FARMERS BEGAN TO MOVE IN… The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged farming by offering 160 acres to any family that settled for 5 years… The first settlers on the dry and treeless plains often built their homes of sod bricks giving them the name “sodbusters.” The Morrill Land Grant Act provided money for agricultural colleges and encouraged agricultural activity…

SOON CATTLE RANCHERS BEGAN TO INFILTRATE THE WEST… In Texas cattle had been raised and rounded up by Mexican cowboys known as vaqueros. THE ERA OF THE CATTLE DRIVES LASTED FROM 1866 TO 1888. BARBED WIRE (PATENTED BY JOSEPH GLIDDEN) ENDED THE OPEN RANGE AND MADE THE LONG CATTLE DRIVES IMPOSSIBLE (it also caused conflict between farmers and cattle ranchers)…

The cattle industry was hurt by -overgrazing -blizzard and drought of 1885-1886 -homesteaders and barbed wire

The Assimilation Act was discontinued in 1934. The American government forced Native Americans onto RESERVATIONS. When this didn’t seem to work, the DAWES SEVERALTY ACT gave tracts of land to natives on reservations and tried to “assimilate” them. The Assimilation Act was discontinued in 1934. WHEN THE NATIVE AMERICANS FOUGHT BACK, THEY FACED MILITARY FORCE… THE SIOUX FOUGHT BACK AT THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN (CUSTER’S LAST STAND)

THE 7TH CAVALRY WAS DEFEATED IN THE BLACK HILL OF SOUTH DAKOTA BY A SUPERIOR FORCE OF 2,500 INDIAN WARRIORS. CUSTER AND 264 MEN WERE WIPED OUT IN 1876

GHOST DANCE MOVEMENT The last effort of Natives to resist domination by the whites came through the Ghost Dance movement. THIS MOVEMENT COMBINED CHRISTIANITY AND NATIVE CULTURE. THE NATIVES BELIEVED IF THEY DANCED IN SPECIAL “BULLET PROOF” SHIRTS, THAT JESUS WOULD RETURN AND THE WHITE MAN WOULD DISAPPEAR… Sioux medicine man Sitting Bull was killed during his arrest. This was followed by 200 native American men, women, and children being gunned down by the Army at Wounded Knee in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars. THE BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE WAS THE “LAST STAND” FOR THE NATIVES…

Injustices done to natives were chronicled in Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor (1881) - Muckraker. IN 1893 HISTORIAN FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER PROCLAIMED THAT THE FRONTIER WAS GONE… HE ARGUED THAT IT WAS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN CULTURE; IT HAD PROVIDED A “SAFETY VALVE.” “FRONTIER THESIS” By 1900, the frontier had closed, and the great buffalo herds had been virtually wiped out. 9 new western states were added from 1864-1900: Nevada (64), Colorado (76),Washington (89), Montana (89), North and South Dakota (89),Wyoming (90), Idaho (90) and Utah(96)

Movie clip of Wild Wild West Promotory Point scene: http://www.anyclip.com/movies/wild-wild-west/presidential-ceremony/