GCSE Physical Education Year 10 Revision guide for PE 1 to 4 NAME:

Lesson reference number Topic Do I know it? PE 1 The structure & function of the skeletal (Location & names of the bones) (Axial & appendicular skeleton) (Functions of the skeletal system) PE 2 Types of synovial joint (Hinge & ball & socket) PE 3 Types of movement at hinge & ball & socket joints (Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction) PE 4 Other components of joints (Ligaments, cartilage, tendons)

PE 1 – LOCATION AND NAMES OF THE MAJOR BONES Cranium Sternum Clavicle Ribs Scapula Vertebrae Humerus Radius Pelvis Carpals Ulna Metacarpals Femur Phalanges Fibula Patella Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals

PE 1 – FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON There are 6 major functions of the skeletal system… To provide SUPPORT to the body. To give the body its shape or POSTURE. To allow MOVEMENT of the body by providing sites or areas for muscle attachment. It also provides a system of levers. To give PROTECTION to the internal organs – heart, lungs, spinal cord and the brain. E.g. The cranium protects the brain. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION – red and white cells. To STORE MINERALS – phosphorus, calcium, potassium and iron. Iron helps the transport of oxygen to working muscles and calcium is needed to build and repair bones.

PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT What is a joint? A joint is where two or more bones meet. Different types of joint There are various types of joint and they differ according to the range of movement they allow. They can vary from a fibrous (fixed) joint to a synovial (allows significant movement). What is a SYNOVIAL joint? This is a freely movable joint where the bones surfaces are covered by cartilage, called articular cartilage, and connected by a fibrous connective tissue (joint capsule) lined with synovial fluid. Hip joint Elbow joint

E.g. During the sprinting action, the knee bends. PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT So what do I need to know? 1. The different TYPES of joint… E.g. Hinge joint 2. EXAMPLES of joints E.g. Knee joint 3. EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES where you can see this joint in action. E.g. During the sprinting action, the knee bends. 4. The ARTICULATING BONES (the bones that move within a joint) that relate to the joint E.g. Femur and tibia

The articulating bones for the knee joint are the… PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT The HINGE joint The hinge joint allows movement in one plane only, just like a door moves. Examples of a hinge joint are the knee and elbow joint. The KNEE joint An example of a physical activity that uses the knee joint is sprinting. Articulating bones The articulating bones for the knee joint are the… Femur Tibia

The articulating bones for the PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT The HINGE joint The ELBOW joint An example of a physical activity that uses the elbow joint is the biceps curl. Articulating bones The articulating bones for the elbow joint are the… Humerus Radius Ulna

The articulating bones for the hip joint are the… PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT The BALL AND SOCKET joint The ball and socket joint allows a wide range of movement. This joint sees the bone sit into a cup-shaped depression in another bone. Examples of a ball and socket joint are the hip and shoulder joints. The HIP joint A physical activity where you can see the hip joint in action is during a sit-up. Articulating bones The articulating bones for the hip joint are the… Pelvis Femur

The articulating bones for the shoulder PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT The BALL AND SOCKET joint The SHOULDER joint A physical activity where you can see the shoulder joint in action is throwing a javelin. Articulating bones The articulating bones for the shoulder joint are the… Humerus Scapula

PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT HINGE JOINTS Flexion at the knee Flexion at the elbow Extension at the knee Extension at the elbow

Flexion at the SHOULDER Extension at the SHOULDER PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS Flexion at the SHOULDER Flexion at the HIP Extension at the HIP Extension at the SHOULDER

PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS Rotation (external) at the SHOULDER Rotation (external) at the HIP Abduction at the SHOULDER Abduction at the HIP

PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS Adduction at the HIP Adduction at the SHOULDER Circumduction at the SHOULDER Circumduction at the HIP

LIGAMENTS CARTILAGE PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS There are three other main components of joints. These are… Ligaments Cartilage Tendons These tissue-based components help to reduce wear and tear by acting as shock absorbers or reducing friction. LIGAMENTS Ligaments are found between bones and ATTACH BONE TO BONE. They are bands of connective tissue and are very tough and resilient. Function – to HELP JOIN BONES TOGETHER AND KEEP THE BONES STABLE DURING MOVEMENT. Ligaments prevent movements that are extreme and stop dislocation. CARTILAGE Function – reduces friction and acts as a SHOCK ABSORBER FOR THE JOINT. New born babies have a skeleton that consists of cartilage and a process called ossification occurs when cartilage turns into bone. Bones have a blood supply, where as cartilage has no supply.

CARTILAGE PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS There are 3 basic types of cartilage… Yellow elastic cartilage – flexible tissue, e.g. part of the ear lobe. Hyaline or blue articular cartilage – found on the articulating surfaces of the bones, it protects bones and limits friction. Hyaline cartilage can thicken as a result of exercise. White fibro-cartilage – tough tissue that acts as a shock absorber. It is found in the body where there are large amounts of stress. E.g. the semi-lunar cartilage in the knee joint. It also allows bones to fit together properly. E.g. discs between the vertebrae. Cartilage can be torn in sport with a forceful knee movement. E.g. a footballer twisting their knee. Tears can develop due to repeated small injuries or ‘WEAR AND TEAR’ of the MENISCUS CARTILAGE (this acts as a shock absorber in the joint) in older people. Once torn, the cartilage DOES NOT HEAL VERY WELL AND THIS IS DUE TO THE LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY. Tears on the outside of a joint may heal over time, but tears in the middle tend not to heal properly.

EXERCISE CAN HELP STRENGTHEN TENDONS. PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS TENDONS MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO BONES VIA TENDONS. Tendons are strong and a little flexible. Function – As well as their ATTACHMENT role, they help to TRANSMIT THE POWER NEEDED TO MOVE THE BONES. When a muscle shortens, it pulls on the tendons and this then pulls on the bones and causes movement. EXERCISE CAN HELP STRENGTHEN TENDONS.

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