The Developing Child I Chapter 5 Study Guide

1. Define prenatal development Section 5-1: The Developing Baby 1. Define prenatal development Development of baby from conception to birth

2. Define the following: Ovum: Female cell or egg Uterus: Female organ in which baby develops during pregnancy Sperm: Male cell Conception: Union of egg and sperm that begins pregnancy Zygote: Fertilized egg

3. Complete the chart Zygote Conception to two weeks Zygote implants in uterus, cell division Embryo Third through eight weeks Major systems of body form: brain begins to control body systems Fetus Eighth or ninth week –birth Development of body systems until baby can be independent; growth; addition of weight.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gAsdEUNUJY In the Womb - Video

4.Explain what the placenta, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord are and what functions they perform. Placenta: Structure rich in blood vessels that takes food and oxygen from mother to transfer to baby Amniotic fluid: Liquid that fills a sac that forms around the developing baby to protect it. Umbilical cord: Tube that carries food and oxygen from placenta to baby.

5. What is “quickening” and when does it begin? 1. Woman feels movements of fetus 2. Fourth or fifth month

6. What is “lightening” and when does it begin? Fetus drops into birth canal to prepare for labor Days or weeks before labor begins

1. Passing of characteristics from parents to children through genes Section 5-2: A closer look at conception 7. What is heredity? Name three characteristics that can be hereditary. 1. Passing of characteristics from parents to children through genes 2. Examples include height, hair color, shape and size of the ears, blood type

8. Explain the relationship between chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes are threadlike particles made up of thousands of genes, which determine the characteristics a person inherits.

9. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive genes. Dominant genes are stronger. The characteristic they determine will be expressed when paired with recessive genes. The characteristic determined by recessive genes is expressed only if the person has two recessives.

10.What determines the sex of a baby? Sex chromosomes. Baby that has XX is female. Baby that has XY is male.

11. Explain how each of the following occurs. A. Identical twins: A fertilized egg splits in two early in cell division and each part develops into a separate embryo. B. Fraternal twins: Two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm, resulting in two embryos.

12. Define infertility and list two cause. 1. Inability of a couple to become pregnant 2. May occur if man doesn’t make enough healthy sperm or woman doesn’t release egg.

13. Complete the following chart about options for infertility. Adoption: A child who is not biologically the couple’s child becomes a part of the family. Artificial insemination: Sperm is injected into a woman. In vitro fertilization: An egg from the woman is removed and fertilized with sperm from the man. The resulting zygote is placed in the woman’s uterus. Ovum transfer: A fertilized egg from a donor is placed in the woman’s uterus. Surrogate mother: A woman becomes pregnant for a woman who cannot.

14. Explain the difference between a miscarriage and a stillbirth. Section 5-3: Problems in Prenatal Development 14. Explain the difference between a miscarriage and a stillbirth. Miscarriage: Loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks Stillbirth: Loss after 20 weeks

15. What is a birth defect? What proportion of children born in the US have a birth defect? Serious problem that affects structure or function of the body and may threaten health or ability to live. Three out of 100 children born have a birth defect.

16. Give an example of each cause of a birth defect: Environmental: Poor nutrition, diseases, harmful substances, medications, or radiation Hereditary: Inheritance of two defective recessive genes, as in hemophilia and color blindness Errors in chromosomes: Having too few or too many chromosomes as is Down syndrome.

17. What does a genetic counselor do? Use information from physical exam and medical history to advise a couple about the possibilities of birth defects in future offspring.

18. Complete the following chart about prenatal tests. Ultrasound Sound waves are used to make No known risk a video image of the fetus Amniocentesis A small amount of amniotic fluid is About 1 in 200 women removed and tested suffer a miscarriage Chorionic villi Samples of tissue around the fetus Can cause miscarriage Sampling membrane surrounding the fetus or birth defects are removed and tested

Fetal alcohol syndrome is more serious Section 5-4: Avoiding Dangers to the Baby 19. Differentiate between fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Fetal alcohol syndrome is more serious

20. Complete the following: Alcohol Mental and physical problems avoid alcohol Nicotine Can decrease birth weight and avoid nicotine cause premature birth Illegal drugs Mental problems, still birth avoid illegal drugs premature birth and birth defects HIV AIDS and early death medications during pregnancy can prevent transmission to fetus